Out-of-Band Electromagnetic Injection Attack on a Quantum Random Number Generator

Smith, Peter R.; Marangon, Davide G.; Lucamarini, Marco; Zhong, Yuan; Shields, A. J.

doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.15.044044

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 33 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In this attack, Eve can use antennas to inject electromagnetic signal into the balanced homodyne detector for the purpose of changing the detector output signal. Both the work of reference [33] and our work reveal the issue that unintentional electromagnetic fields can compromise the security of QKD systems or quantum random number generators when they are deployed in noisy environments without sufficient shielding. Therefore, the shielding and monitoring of electromagnetic fields around QKD systems requires sufficient attention.…”

Section: Countermeasuresmentioning

confidence: 78%

See 1 more Smart Citation

External magnetic effect for the security of practical quantum key distribution

Tan¹,

Zhang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Quantum Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows remote parties to share secret keys with proven security. To guarantee the security of practical QKD, the imperfections in realistic devices need to be characterized and considered in practical security analysis. Particularly, a standard QKD system normally uses optical isolator or optical circulator in the transmitter to prevent the injection from external light. Here we find that the optical isolators and circulators, commonly based on the Faraday effect, are subject to the perturbation from external magnetic fields. With this, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the security for practical QKD due to external magnetic effect. We experimentally demonstrate the influence of magnetic fields on both the transmittance and the isolation of standard optical isolators and circulators. We analyze the security risks caused by the potential magnetic attacks, together with the corresponding countermeasures.

show abstract

Section: Countermeasuresmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Recently, an out-of-band electromagnetic injection attack on a photonic quantum random number generator [33] was proposed. In this attack, Eve can use antennas to inject electromagnetic signal into the balanced homodyne detector for the purpose of changing the detector output signal.…”

Section: Countermeasuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

External magnetic effect for the security of practical quantum key distribution

Tan¹,

Zhang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Quantum Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To construct a random number generator that meets industrial certification, proper engineering is vital to prevent hardware failure. The successful execution of this engineering requires the incorporation of physical safeguards that can withstand security attacks like electromagnetic wave injection . Besides, implementation of a health-monitoring scheme that complies with the NIST SP800-90B or AIS 20/31 (AIS: Application Notes and Interpretation of the Scheme issued by the German Federal Office for Information Security, also known as BSI) recommendations would be mandatory to provide provable robustness against security attacks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Random Number Generation Based on Multi-photon Detection

Aungskunsiri,

Jantarachote,

Wongpanya

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We demonstrate quantum random number generation based on a photon-number detection scheme with the use of a silicon photomultiplier. We implement a time integral with detector response signals for resolving photon numbers, which are subsequently digitized into a stream of 4-bit sequences with a generation rate of 13.6 Mbit/s. Our generated random bits pass the statistical randomness validation according to the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication 800-22. This scheme is implementable with inexpensive components, and the system can be miniaturized to the size of a plug-and-play portable cryptographic device.

show abstract

“…The impacts of out-of-band electromagnetic have not been studied in depth. Experimental tests have shown electromagnetic (EM) susceptibilities of a quantum number generator 2 and optical isolators/circulators 3 . Particularly, SPADs, which are commonly used as receivers in practical QKD implementations, produce radiated signals in the radiofrequency range which can be remotely measured 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the electromagnetic radiated emissions of a single-photon avalanche diode

Pantoja,

Tello Castillo,

Anagnostou

et al. 2023

Quantum Technology: Driving Commercialisation of an Enabling Science IV

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Out-of-Band Electromagnetic Injection Attack on a Quantum Random Number Generator

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

External magnetic effect for the security of practical quantum key distribution

External magnetic effect for the security of practical quantum key distribution

Quantum Random Number Generation Based on Multi-photon Detection

Investigation on the electromagnetic radiated emissions of a single-photon avalanche diode

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About