Out of Many, One: Style and Social Boundaries in Tiwanaku

Abstract

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The Use of Strontium Isotope Analysis to Investigate Tiwanaku Migration and Mortuary Ritual in Bolivia and Peru

“…However, individuals from the site of Tiwanaku exhibit both styles of cranial modification (Blom et al 1998;Blom 1999a,b). Janusek (1994Janusek ( , 1999Janusek ( , 2002 has hypothesized, on the basis of ceramic evidence, that the urban centre of Tiwanaku may have been arranged by barrios that were settled by nonlocal groups; for example, the Ch'iji Jawira sector may have been settled by a group from the far eastern Bolivian valleys.…”

Pottery production, regional exchange, and state collapse during the Middle Horizon (A.D.500–1000): LA-ICP-MS analyses of Tiwanaku pottery in the Moquegua Valley, Peru

“…These include challadors (vessels with narrow bases and tapered bodies), which are characteristic of Cochabamba assemblages, and ''coca-cola glass'' keros which are particular to the Moquegua Valley (Goldstein 1985;Janusek 2003b). Within the heartland, differences in ceramic assemblages distinguish communities in the Titicaca Basin from one another, and even more locally, they distinguish neighborhoods within the state capital (Bermann 1994;Janusek 1999Janusek , 2002.…”

“…The production and movement of resources and craft goods were central to the functioning of the Tiwanaku state, provisioning the capital with crops that were important to religious and political practices but that did not grow in the high-altitude homeland, acting as a means through which hinterland and provincial Tiwanaku communities asserted their affiliation with the state center, and mediating ties with non-Tiwanaku elites on the edges of the state's sphere of influence (Bermann 1994;Goldstein 1985Goldstein , 2005Janusek 2002;Kolata 1993a;Torres-Rouff 2008;Torres and Conklin 1995;Stanish et al 2010).…”

“…Ceramic vessels were a critical component of Tiwanaku economy and ideology (Janusek 2002). Central to the feasting and drinking at the heart of Tiwanaku politics and ritual, pottery was also an important canvas for state affiliated motifs (Janusek 2003b).…”

Multiethnicity, pluralism, and migration in the south central Andes: An alternate path to state expansion

“…Considering the massive scale and sophistication of the Tiwanaku capital and the agrarian and settlement systems of its altiplano core region, it is reasonable to envision Tiwanaku as a centralized state and political economy comparable to archaic states worldwide (39)(40)(41)(42)(43). And yet, while Tiwanaku surely functioned as a unitary state in many regards, it is a matter of interpretation whether the dialectic of centralized power and factionalism in Tiwanaku was the same as that of other states (42), or whether Tiwanaku exemplifies a somewhat less-centralized variant of ancient states (38,(44)(45)(46)(47). Alternate views pose Tiwanaku as a confederation of ayllus (31), as a phenomenon of "vertical integration" of otherwise autonomous localities and settlement systems (48-50), or as a "moral economy" (51) in which ritual, feasting, and reciprocity wove independent communities together into a political order (52).…”