“…The existing treatment plants were built in the 1960s and the population has increased significantly in that time, yet treatment capacity has been nearly stagnant. The sewer lines were also laid down at the same time and deteriorated to the extent of being dysfunctional (Beard et al 2022 ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The sewer lines were also laid down at the same time and deteriorated to the extent of being dysfunctional (Beard et al 2022). About 39% of the population has no access to sewerage so the wastewater does not even get contained.…”
Section: Fsm Scenario In Karachimentioning
confidence: 99%
“…OSS is considered a relatively inexpensive system for the public sector for the management of excreta and wastewater generated by the households but puts more responsibility on the households for emptying and private sludge collection and transport service provider for its transport, disposal, or end-use (Dodane et al 2012 ; Beard et al 2022 ). OSS require a proper management scheme termed as fecal sludge management (FSM).…”
With enhanced focus on global sanitation, access to toilets at the household level is increasing in developing countries although the provision of sewer networks is not expanding at the same pace. This is resulting in the adaptation of on-site sanitation facilities to contain the fecal sludge. The fecal sludge generated by the on-site sanitation facilities requires emptying, treatment, and safe end-use or disposal. In this study, the sanitation situation and need for fecal sludge management was evaluated in major cities of Pakistan including Karachi (provincial capital), Lahore (provincial capital), and Islamabad (national capital). Primary and secondary data were collected from key informant interviews of the stakeholders, national and international reports, research, and review articles. Infographics on wastewater and fecal sludge from origin to disposal were developed using a shit flow diagram tool and enabling environment was evaluated with a modified service delivery assessment tool. The results indicate that sewerage network coverage exists for 60%, 63%, and 50% of the areas in Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad respectively. The sewerage network in major cities is old, leaking, and insufficient, thus a limited amount of wastewater reaches the treatment plants. Total wastewater treatment in Karachi and Islamabad is 10% and 9% respectively whereas, in Lahore, there is no infrastructure for the same. The safe sanitation in Lahore (8%) and Islamabad (25%) is coming from on-site sanitation systems with fecal sludge buried safely onsite. National level sanitation programs exist in the country but are limited to reducing open defecation and containments of fecal sludge only. The inclusion of complete fecal sludge management related framework, guidelines, and policies can help achieve the goal of safe sanitation for all.
“…The existing treatment plants were built in the 1960s and the population has increased significantly in that time, yet treatment capacity has been nearly stagnant. The sewer lines were also laid down at the same time and deteriorated to the extent of being dysfunctional (Beard et al 2022 ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The sewer lines were also laid down at the same time and deteriorated to the extent of being dysfunctional (Beard et al 2022). About 39% of the population has no access to sewerage so the wastewater does not even get contained.…”
Section: Fsm Scenario In Karachimentioning
confidence: 99%
“…OSS is considered a relatively inexpensive system for the public sector for the management of excreta and wastewater generated by the households but puts more responsibility on the households for emptying and private sludge collection and transport service provider for its transport, disposal, or end-use (Dodane et al 2012 ; Beard et al 2022 ). OSS require a proper management scheme termed as fecal sludge management (FSM).…”
With enhanced focus on global sanitation, access to toilets at the household level is increasing in developing countries although the provision of sewer networks is not expanding at the same pace. This is resulting in the adaptation of on-site sanitation facilities to contain the fecal sludge. The fecal sludge generated by the on-site sanitation facilities requires emptying, treatment, and safe end-use or disposal. In this study, the sanitation situation and need for fecal sludge management was evaluated in major cities of Pakistan including Karachi (provincial capital), Lahore (provincial capital), and Islamabad (national capital). Primary and secondary data were collected from key informant interviews of the stakeholders, national and international reports, research, and review articles. Infographics on wastewater and fecal sludge from origin to disposal were developed using a shit flow diagram tool and enabling environment was evaluated with a modified service delivery assessment tool. The results indicate that sewerage network coverage exists for 60%, 63%, and 50% of the areas in Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad respectively. The sewerage network in major cities is old, leaking, and insufficient, thus a limited amount of wastewater reaches the treatment plants. Total wastewater treatment in Karachi and Islamabad is 10% and 9% respectively whereas, in Lahore, there is no infrastructure for the same. The safe sanitation in Lahore (8%) and Islamabad (25%) is coming from on-site sanitation systems with fecal sludge buried safely onsite. National level sanitation programs exist in the country but are limited to reducing open defecation and containments of fecal sludge only. The inclusion of complete fecal sludge management related framework, guidelines, and policies can help achieve the goal of safe sanitation for all.
“…At the same time, several institutional arrangements involving stakeholders in the informal water sector, from organized neighborhood water committees to unionized water vendors, suggest that cooperation among multiple institutional actors across scales can influence the politics and practice of informal services delivery (Marston 2014;Wutich, Beresford, and Carvajal 2016). Similarly, in cities where homes are not connected to sewers, the responsibility of managing on-site fecal sludge falls on households and private providers, often promoting risky sanitation practices (Beard et al 2022). Compared with wealthier households, coping costs are typically higher for lowincome households (Majuru, Suhrcke, and Hunter 2016).…”
The views in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), its Advisory Council, ADB's Board or Governors, or the governments of ADB members. ADBI and ADB do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. ADBI and ADB use proper ADB member names and abbreviations throughout and any variation or inaccuracy, including in citations and references, should be read as referring to the correct name. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term "recognize," "country," or other geographical names in this publication, ADBI and ADB do not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
“…Women (who are explicitly referenced in SDG 6.2) were in the top 3 most cited groups in all sub-Saharan African countries, where many organizations have started to incorporate women's empowerment into WASH programing. 38 In middle-income countries, like Mexico and South Africa, sanitation service provision is visibly unequal with richer neighborhoods having access whilst informal and economically marginalized settlements have only limited access, 39 leading to the poor being most cited. This "leaves behind" men, people with mental health issues, and minority cultural or religious groups who were mentioned by less than 5% of respondents.…”
Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) calls for sustainable urban sanitation services for all, but the definitions of “inclusion” and “sustainability” within the framework leave room for interpretation. This study aims to provide an initial understanding of how these terms are currently interpreted by a range of sanitation actors in six cities of the Global South. Urban sanitation professionals from private (n = 16), public (n = 28), non-governmental (n = 43), and academic (n = 10) institutions were interviewed using a standardized tool, and data was analyzed to identify themes and trends. Terms such as “everyone” or “for all” shed little light on how to ensure inclusion, though disabled people, women, children, and the poor were all highlighted when probed. Greater specificity of beneficiary groups in policy is likely to enhance their visibility within sanitation service provision. All three pillars of sustainability identified within CWIS were referenced, with different stakeholders focusing more closely on environmental, social, or economic sustainability, based on their organizational goals and interests. Greater collaboration may foster a balanced view across the pillars, with different organizations acting as champions for each one. The findings can facilitate discussions on a shared understanding of multi-stakeholder engagement in achieving inclusive and sustainable sanitation service provision.
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