Outbreak of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> Infections Associated with Raw Milk Consumption from a Herdshare Dairy — Colorado, 2016

Burakoff, Alexis; Brown, Kerri; Knutsen, Joyce; Hopewell, Christina; Rowe, Shannon; Bennett, Christy; Cronquist, Alicia

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6705a2

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Our results showed that all the tested isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. The three antibiotics were the most commonly reported resistance pattern consistent with those of previous studies [12,[19][20][21]. In Shanghai (Eastern China), more than 96% of the Campylobacter spp.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Molecular and epidemiologyical analysis of a Campylobacter jejuni outbreak in China, 2018

Zhang

et al. 2019

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Campylobacter spp. is the most common gastrointestinal pathogen worldwide with a very low reported incidence in China. In April 2018, one 36 cases of diarrhea outbreak occurred in a high school in Beijing after a trip to another province in Southern China. The investigation for the enteric pathogen infection was conducted to identify the cause. Methodology: Eighteen stool specimens from 11 diarrheal patients and 3 close contacts were collected and tested for 16 enteric bacterial and viral pathogens using real-time PCR methods. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were applied to C. jejuni isolates in this outbreak in order to characterize the incident. Results: Ten (90.9%) of 11 stool specimens from diarrheal patients were positive for Campylobacter jejuni, confirmed as the cause of outbreak. Eight C. jejuni strains were obtained and produced 2 sequence types (STs) and 3 PFGE patterns. Six of them had the same ST (ST2274) and PFGE pattern (SMA001). The dominant outbreak strain with an identical subtyping profile was clustered with most chicken isolates from national MLST and PulseNet Campylobacter database. The entire 8 isolates were multi-drug resistant, with the dominant resistance pattern of nalidixic acid, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin combined, except for 2 isolates resistant to florfenicol. Conclusion: Molecular typing confirmed that most of the cases belonged to a clonal cluster supporting the hypothesis of a common source; however, the source was not identified. This was the first recognized Campylobacteriosis outbreak in China among 20 years.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Molecular and epidemiologyical analysis of a Campylobacter jejuni outbreak in China, 2018

Zhang

et al. 2019

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…Similar rates for ciprofloxacin resistance were detected in the US [54]. An outbreak of fluoroquinolone-resistant C. jejuni infections associated with raw milk consumption in United States of America was recently described by Burakoff et al, 2018 [55].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Prevalence, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter spp. in Raw Milk, Beef, and Pork Meat in Northern Poland

Andrzejewska

Szczepańska

Śpica

et al. 2019

Foods

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether raw milk, unpasteurized dairy products, pork, and beef available for sale in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie and Wielkopolska regions in Poland are contaminated with Campylobacter spp. bacteria and may be a potential source of infection. For isolated strains, antibiotic susceptibility and the presence of genes responsible for virulence were examined. Material for research included 1058 food samples collected between 2014 and 2018 with 454 samples of raw milk and unpasteurized dairy products (milk from vending machines, milk from owners of dairy cows, cheese, milk cream) and 604 samples of raw meat (pork, beef). The results indicated that 9.3% of the samples were positive for Campylobacter spp., and Campylobacter jejuni was predominant in this study. Campylobacter bacteria was not found in milk collected from vending machines, as well as cheese and milk cream samples. Campylobacter was noted in 12.7% of beef samples, 11.8% of raw milk purchased from individual suppliers, and 10.9% of pork samples. Resistance to erythromycin (2.0%), azithromycin (3.1%), gentamicin (4.1%), tetracycline (65.3%), and ciprofloxacin (71.4%) was determined using the disc diffusion method. Furthermore, the prevalence of racR, sodB, csrA, virB11, cdtB, iam, and wlaN genes were examined using the PCR method. The sodB, csrA, and cdtB genes exhibited the highest detection rate, but none of the genes were identified in 100% of the isolates. Statistically significant differences between the presence of virulence marker genes, including for iam, racR, and csrA markers, were noted among different sources of the isolates. Differences in the distribution of iam, wlaN, and virB11 were also shown between C. jejuni and C. coli strains. As a result of the analysis, it has been concluded that unpasteurized milk, beef, and pork could be a sources of Campylobacter pathogens. Moreover, this study revealed virulent properties of Campylobacter isolated from such food products and high resistance rates to fluoroquinolones, which may represent difficulties in campylobacteriosis treatment.

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“…Isolation of Campylobacter and Salmonella is common in animal‐source food products including poultry meat (Anihouvi et al, ; Bertasi et al, ; Inns et al, ; Suzuki & Yamamoto, ; Trongjit et al, ). As a result, eating raw or undercooked meat especially from poultry (Colette et al, ; Doorduyn et al, ; WHO, ) and drinking unpasteurized milk (Burakoff et al, ; EFSA, ; Studahl & Andersson, ; Taylor et al, ) are the most important risk factors for human Campylobacter and Salmonella infections of animal origin (Table ). The potential sources of contaminated animal products include bacterial extra‐gastrointestinal colonization, intestinal content spillage during evisceration, environmental contamination during processing and transportation and cross‐contaminations among carcases during food processing (Anihouvi et al, ; Simaluiza et al, ; WHO, ; Wilfred, Nithin Prabhu, & Naveen, ).…”

Section: Public Health Risks Associated With Animals Colonized and Shmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection, colonization and shedding of Campylobacter and Salmonella in animals and their contribution to human disease: A review

Rukambile

Sintchenko

Muscatello

et al. 2019

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Livestock meat and offal contribute significantly to human nutrition as sources of high‐quality protein and micronutrients. Livestock products are increasingly in demand, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income settings where economies are growing and meat is increasingly seen as an affordable and desirable food item. Demand is also driving intensification of livestock keeping and processing. An unintended consequence of intensification is increased exposure to zoonotic agents, and a contemporary emerging problem is infection with Campylobacter and Salmonella spp. from livestock (avian and mammalian), which can lead to disease, malabsorption and undernutrition through acute and chronic diarrhoea. This can occur at the farm, in households or through the food chain. Direct infection occurs when handling livestock and through bacteria shed into the environment, on food preparation surfaces or around the house and surroundings. This manuscript critically reviews Campylobacter and Salmonella infections in animals, examines the factors affecting colonization and faecal shedding of bacteria of these two genera as well as risk factors for human acquisition of the infection from infected animals or environment and analyses priority areas for preventive actions with a focus on resource‐poor settings.

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Outbreak of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni Infections Associated with Raw Milk Consumption from a Herdshare Dairy — Colorado, 2016

Cited by 30 publications

References 6 publications

Molecular and epidemiologyical analysis of a Campylobacter jejuni outbreak in China, 2018

Molecular and epidemiologyical analysis of a Campylobacter jejuni outbreak in China, 2018

Prevalence, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter spp. in Raw Milk, Beef, and Pork Meat in Northern Poland

Infection, colonization and shedding of Campylobacter and Salmonella in animals and their contribution to human disease: A review

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