Outcome prediction from the first examination in clinical mastitis using ultrasonography in dairy cows

Suzuki, Naoki; T, Kurose; Kaneko, S.; Haraguchi, Asako; Isobe, Naoki

doi:10.1111/asj.13452

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The easy transfer of the ultrasound machine to the farm, the fast real-time imaging, and its application without the need for anesthetizing the animal [ 41 ] are reasons for its wide use ( Table 1 ). Ultrasonography has been proposed as a diagnostic technique for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in sheep [ 116 ] and as a tool indicating the proper time to start treatment [ 117 ] and also monitoring the progress of mastitis in cows [ 118 ]. After the ultrasonographic examination, microbiological examination and California mastitis test (CMT) of milk samples are employed to confirm the disease [ 119 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals

Barbagianni

Gouletsou

2023

Veterinary Sciences

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The study of the structure and function of the animals’ mammary glands is of key importance, as it reveals pathological processes at their onset, thus contributing to their immediate treatment. The most frequently studied mammary diseases are mastitis in cows and ewes and mammary tumours in dogs and cats. Various imaging techniques such as computed tomography, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonographic techniques (Doppler, contrast-enchanced, three-dimensional and elastography) are available and can be applied in research or clinical practice in order to evaluate possible abnormalities in mammary glands, as well as to assist in the differential diagnosis. In this review, the above imaging technologies are described, and the perspectives of each method are highlighted. It is inferred that ultrasonographic modalities are the most frequently used imaging techniques for the diagnosis of clinical or subclinical mastitis and treatment guidance on a farm. In companion animals, a combination of imaging techniques should be applied for a more accurate diagnosis of mammary tumours. In any case, the confirmation of the diagnosis is provided by laboratory techniques.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals

Barbagianni

Gouletsou

2023

Veterinary Sciences

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“…Many studies have demonstrated the utility of mammary ultrasound in identifying the presence of lesions or alterations of the mammary parenchyma and the teat, as well as in providing a valid indication of the outcome of treatment based on this evidence. Moreover, the possibility of pre-identifying animals for which intramammary antibiotic treatment could be ineffective would be an important element both in terms of antimicrobial resistance and for the economic impact of the disease itself [56][57][58][59]. The echographic examination of the mammary gland parenchyma in ruminant animals is performed primarily via the direct contact technique (transcutaneous echography).…”

Section: Mammary Ultrasoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Udders were examined and classified according to on one or more of the following three signs: a hyperechoic spot in the parenchyma area, structural changes in the milk ducts, and non-homogenous parenchyma. According to the statistical analysis, only the presence of "non-homogeneous parenchyma" could be selected as a factor that predicts a marketable milk production [57]. The gland cisterns appear as a large homogenous anechoic area with few hypoechoic dots, which correspond to the milk [60].…”

Section: Mammary Ultrasoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mastitis in Dairy Cattle: On-Farm Diagnostics and Future Perspectives

Tommasoni,

Fiore,

Lisuzzo

et al. 2023

Animals

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Mastitis is one of the most important diseases in dairy cattle farms, and it can affect the health status of the udder and the quantity and quality of milk yielded. The correct management of mastitis is based both on preventive and treatment action. With the increasing concern for antimicrobial resistance, it is strongly recommended to treat only the mammary quarters presenting intramammary infection. For this reason, a timely and accurate diagnosis is fundamental. The possibility to detect and characterize mastitis directly on farm would be very useful to choose the correct management protocol. Some on-field diagnostic tools are already routinely applied to detect mastitis, such as the California Mastitis Test and on-farm culture. Other instruments are emerging to perform a timely diagnosis and to characterize mastitis, such as Infra-Red Thermography, mammary ultrasound evaluation and blood gas analysis, even if their application still needs to be improved. The main purpose of this article is to present an overview of the methods currently used to control, detect, and characterize mastitis in dairy cows, in order to perform a timely diagnosis and to choose the most appropriate management protocol, with a specific focus on on-farm diagnostic tools.

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A Review on Mastitis in Dairy Cows Research: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Stanek,

Żółkiewski,

Januś

2024

Agriculture

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One of the most serious diseases affecting dairy cattle, causing significant losses both in breeding and economy, is mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland. Due to the economic importance of this issue, many research teams are striving to develop an easy-to-apply and, most importantly, effective method to prevent mastitis. The use of traditional methods for mastitis detecting and treating, as well as improvement in hygienic conditions, have not yielded the expected results in combating this disease combating. Currently, the main task is to find the tools that would allow for the rapid detection of mastitis and the improvement of udder health in cows while maintaining high milk production, which is essential for the profitability of dairy cattle farming. Accurate and rapid diagnostic tools, with the simultaneous capability of identifying pathogens, may help to reduce losses. Sufficient sensitivity and specificity for tests are required to minimize the number of false-positive and false-negative cases. Efforts are also being made to determine the optimal threshold value for detecting the disease at its earliest possible stage. The estimation of somatic cell count (SCC) as a phenotypic indicator of mastitis is widely used. A more precise parameter for accurately describing udder health is the differential somatic cell count (DSCC). The well-known California Mastitis Test (CMT) is an inexpensive, easy, and rapid method for mastitis detection useful on farms. The latest diagnostic methods for mastitis utilize tests based on the activity of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase) or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as the determination of acute phase proteins (APPs) in blood serum and milk (such as haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen, and ceruloplasmin). Research also focuses on the genomic improvement of mastitis resistance in successive generations, and for this purpose, many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified. In recent years, immunotherapy has become an increasingly common area of research, including vaccinations, T/B cell immunotherapy, RNA immunotherapy, epigenetic immunotherapy, stem cell therapy, and native secretory factors. An important aspect of the control of mastitis is the implementation of strategies that focus primarily on preventing the disease through appropriate breeding and farm management practices. In the forthcoming years, a significant challenge will be the development of universal diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that can be effectively implemented as alternatives to antibiotic therapy. Future research should prioritize the advancement of preventive and therapeutic techniques, such as immunotherapies, bacteriocins, herbal therapy, and nanoparticle technology.

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Outcome prediction from the first examination in clinical mastitis using ultrasonography in dairy cows

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals

Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals

Mastitis in Dairy Cattle: On-Farm Diagnostics and Future Perspectives

A Review on Mastitis in Dairy Cows Research: Current Status and Future Perspectives

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