Outcomes of Repeated Exposure of the Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to Cyanobacteria Extract

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of a repeated exposure of the carp to the extract of cyanobacteria. We exposed carp embryos and larvae to the extract of cyanobacteria of the cumulative amount of microcystin LR, YR and RR of 1.3 µg⋅l -1 or 13 µg⋅l -1 , respectively. One year later we exposed one half of these fish to the second dose of the extract of cyanobacteria of the cumulative amount of microcystins of 13 µg⋅l -1 and the second half to pure water to eliminate the influence of handling stress. The haematological and histological changes were examined. Similar changes of haematological indices were detected both after exposure to the extract and after the handling stress of fish. Especially indices of the red blood cells were characterised by significant increase (p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05) of haematocrit value and haemoglobin concentration in groups with long-term exposure (30 days) during the early life stages as well as in control groups. The initial values of white blood cell count were significantly increased (p ≤ 0.01) in the control group and in the group exposed to the low concentration (1.3 µg⋅l -1 ) and after short exposure (8 days) during the early life stages as compare to other groups. The white blood cell count of these groups significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.01) after exposure to both pure water and the extract. Phagocytic activity was significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05) after stress and after exposure to the extract in groups of long term exposure (30 days) during the early life stages in comparison to control and groups of low exposure. Total plasma protein concentration significantly increased (p ≤ 0.01) in all groups after exposure to the extract in comparison to the initial values and only in groups of long term exposure during the early life stages and in the control group after the handling stress. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were decreased in groups of long term exposure during the early life stages after the exposure to the extract. Clinical and histological changes were not observed in any group of fish, except for the fatty infiltration of liver with a tendency to focal big droplet dystrophic steatosis in all groups of fish. Erythrocytes, leukocytes, plasma enzymes, total plasma protein, phagocyte activity, early life stages, young fishCyanotoxins produced by blue-green algae and released into the water environment represent a serious problem influencing the health status of various organisms. In human and veterinary medicine, cases of health impairment or poisoning due to water blooms of blue-green algae or their toxic products have been reported (Falconer 1989;Carmichael 1992;Rodger et al. 1994).

Persistent sub-lethal chlorine exposure augments temperature induced immunosuppression in Cyprinus carpio advanced fingerlings

“…A significantly lower count was recorded at higher temperatures in the chlorine treated groups suggesting the inhibitory effect of chlorine affecting the production of erythrocytes, which is generally augmented at higher temperatures. Similar results were reported when Common carp, C. carpio L. were exposed to cyanobacteria extract [39]. An insufficient quantity and quality of red blood cells would therefore consequently have several additional effects on metabolism beyond the function of supplying oxygen for tissue metabolism [32].…”

Changes in the intestinal bacterial profile and serum biochemical parameters of Nile Catfish Clarias lazera after feeding with probiotic.

“…Khattab et al (2007) recorded significant decrease in plasma AST and ALT in Oreochromis niloticus fed with diet containing mixture of Micrococcus luteus and Pseudomonas species as probiotic. Also, Palikova et al (2004) and Abd El-Rhman et al (2009) reported the same observation in Cyprinus carpio and O. niloticus fed diet containing extract of Cyanobacteria and Pseudomonas species respectively as probiotics. Mahmoud (2012) mentioned that the highest values of plasma AST and ALT were observed in O. niloticus fed on a diet supplemented with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), while the lowest value of AST was recorded in fish group fed on a diet supplemented with Bifidobacterium bifiduim.…”

Sublethal Effects of Chromium on Enzymatic Activities of the African Catfish: Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

“…Lactate dehydrogenase is released from the liver after its cellular damage (Ceron et al, 1997) this may be the reason for the significance decrease in the liver lactate dehydrogenase; thus suggesting that its activity is a sensitive index to measure influence of external factors as supported by the findings of Sastry and Sharma (1980) who reported decreased in lactate dehydrogenase activity in the brain of Channa punctatus exposed to diazinon. Palikova et al (2004) also reported significant decrease in lactate dehydrogenase activity of Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) with long term exposure to cyanobacteria extract during the early life stages. Rajamanickam and Muthuswamy (2008) reported a decrease in the level of lactate dehydrogenase in the liver homogenate of common carp in a one day exposure to heavy metals with subsequent increase afterwards.…”