Outdoor Activity Reduces the Prevalence of Myopia in Children

Rose, Kathryn A.; Morgan, Ian G.; Ip, Jerome; Kifley, Annette; Huynh, Son C.; Smith, Wayne; Mitchell, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.12.019

Cited by 1,054 publications

(1,063 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…"We thought it was an odd finding," recalls Mutti, "but it just kept coming up as we did the analyses. " A year later, Rose and her colleagues arrived at much the same conclusion in Australia 7 . After studying more than 4,000 children at Sydney primary and secondary schools for three years, they found that children who spent less time outside were at greater risk of developing myopia.…”

Section: Vision Questmentioning

confidence: 80%

The myopia boom

Dolgin

2015

Nature

743

513

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Section: Vision Questmentioning

confidence: 80%

The myopia boom

Dolgin

2015

Nature

743

513

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The factors underlying this tendency for myopia to worsen with age are not fully understood, but are thought to be controlled by dopaminergic pathways, 25 mediated by factors including time spent in near work and outdoors, 16,21,22 and the stimulus of defocused light falling on the peripheral retina. 26 Wear of conventional spectacles does appear to contribute to this peripheral defocus, 27,28 which provided the impetus for the randomized trials of under-correction in preventing myopia progression as cited above.…”

Section: Results From Itt Analysis In This Randomized Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During this visit, all children provided information on parental spectacle wear, and their own time spent out of doors and in near/middle distance work, important determinants of myopia progression. 16,21,22 STATISTICAL METHODS: Family wealth was calculated by summing the value, as reported in the China Rural Household Survey Yearbook (Department of Rural Surveys, National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2013), of items on the list of 13 owned by the family. Refractive power was defined throughout as the spherical equivalent, the spherical power plus half the cylindrical power.…”

Section: Randomization and Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of Spectacles for Children's Vision: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial

Ma¹,

Congdon²,

Yi³

et al. 2015

American Journal of Ophthalmology

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PURPOSE: To study safety of children's glasses in rural China, where fear that glasses harm vision is an important barrier for families and policy makers.DESIGN: Exploratory analysis from a clusterrandomized, investigator-masked, controlled trial.METHODS: Among primary schools (n [ 252) in western China, children were randomized by school to 1 of 3 interventions: free glasses provided in class, vouchers for free glasses at a local facility, or glasses prescriptions only (Control group). The main outcome of this analysis is uncorrected visual acuity after 8 months, adjusted for baseline acuity.RESULTS: Among 19 934 children randomly selected for screening, 5852 myopic (spherical equivalent refractive error £L0.5 diopters) eyes of 3001 children (14.7%, mean age 10.5 years) had VA £6/12 without glasses correctable to >6/12 with glasses, and were eligible. Among these, 1903 (32.5%), 1798 (30.7%), and 2151 (36.8%) were randomized to Control, Voucher, and Free Glasses, respectively. Intention-totreat analyses were performed on all 1831 (96.

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“…Several studies have shown that children who spend more time outdoors are less likely to become myopic (Parssinen & Lyyra, 1993;Mutti et al, 2002;Jones et al, 2007;Rose et al, 2008a;Rose et al, 2008b;Dirani et al, 2009;Jones-Jordan et al, 2011;Guggenheim et al, 2012;French et al, 2013a;French et al, 2013c;Guo et al, 2013a;Wu et al, 2013;Read et al, 2014;He et al, 2015;Li et al, 2015b;Guo et al, 2017) (Table 1.1). Low levels of outdoor activity have been reported in children living in urban Beijing (1 hour/day) (Guo et al, 2013a), Taiwan (0.5 hours/day) and Singapore (0.5 hours/day) (Rose et al, 2008b), and all of these locations are documented to have a high prevalence of myopia in young populations.…”

Section: Outdoor Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study of Australian school children found that higher levels of outdoor activities were associated with more hyperopic refraction and 14 Chapter 1: Literature review less myopia prevalence, suggesting a protective effect of outdoor activity against myopia (Rose et al, 2008a).…”

Section: Outdoor Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Light Exposure and Seasonal Changes on Short-Term and Longer-Term Changes in Axial Length of the Human Eye

Ulaganathan¹

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It is widely accepted that environmental factors play a significant role in regulating eye growth and myopia development. There is also considerable evidence that ambient light exposure is an important environmental risk factor associated with eye growth in children, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Furthermore, animal studies have shown that diurnal variations in ocular components appear to be involved in the mechanisms controlling eye growth. Animal studies also suggest that altering light exposure disrupts normal diurnal variations and can lead to the development of refractive errors. Despite this evidence, the exact role of light exposure and ocular diurnal rhythms in the regulation of human eye growth, and the interaction between these factors is not well understood. Myopia development and progression have been widely documented in young adults and typically occurs due to axial elongation, but there has been limited research examining the potential impact of ambient light exposure upon eye growth and myopia development and progression in young adults.Therefore, this research examined the habitual light exposure patterns in a population of young adult emmetropes and progressing myopes using objective techniques, and assessed the influence of light exposure upon daily axial length variations and longitudinal axial eye growth in this population. The potential association between daily axial length fluctuations and longer-term changes in axial length was also explored.Since there is no consensus on the optimal sampling strategy required for capturing personal objective light exposure measurements, in the first study, we systematically examined the impact of different measurement durations and measurement frequencies upon objective light exposure measures, in order to determine the optimal sampling strategy to reliably capture habitual light exposure patterns of both children (Age: 11 to vi The influence of light exposure and seasons upon the axial length changes in humans 15 years) and young adults (Age: 18 to 30 years). Ambient light exposure data were obtained using a wrist-worn light sensor (Actiwatch 2), which was configured to measure instantaneous light levels every 30 seconds, 24 hours a day for a period of 14 consecutive days in children (n = 30) and young adults (n = 31). Daily time exposed to bright outdoor (>1000 lux) light levels was derived from the raw 14 days of data with 30 second sampling, and was subsequently derived from data re-sampled from 12, 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2 randomly selected measurement days using 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 minute sampling rates. Calculating daily outdoor light exposure time using a lower number of days and coarser sampling frequencies did not significantly alter the mean time spent in bright (outdoor) light. However, a significant increase in measurement variability occurred for outdoor light exposure derived from less than 8 days and from 3 minutes or coarser measurement frequencies in adults, and from less than 8 days and from 4 minutes or coarser...

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Outdoor Activity Reduces the Prevalence of Myopia in Children

Cited by 1,054 publications

References 28 publications

The myopia boom

The myopia boom

Safety of Spectacles for Children's Vision: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial

The Influence of Light Exposure and Seasonal Changes on Short-Term and Longer-Term Changes in Axial Length of the Human Eye

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