Outdoor-to-indoor coverage in high frequency bands

An Empirical Outdoor-to-Indoor Path Loss Model From Below 6 GHz to cm-Wave Frequency Bands

“…The first one (a,d) is an old building composed of light construction materials and clear glass windows, which corresponds to the 'old house' configuration in [3]. The second one is a modern building ('new house' configuration in [3]) composed of thick reinforced walls and metal-coated energyefficient windows (b,e). Both office buildings present a similar indoor layout with offices at both sides of a corridor.…”

“…Constant attenuation of 6.8 dB in the range from 0.8 to 37 GHz was recently reported in [6]. One of the first approaches to model the material and frequency dependencies was reported in [3], where a simulation based on several frequency-dependent composite models is presented for frequencies up to 60 GHz.…”

“…More in particular, old buildings (or buildings in hot climatic areas) made of light construction materials with thin walls and singlelayered clear glass windows present a much lower impact on signal propagation than modern buildings (or highly-insulated buildings in cold areas). Modern and energy-efficient constructions are typically composed of thick walls made of heavily reinforced materials combined with metal-coated multi-layer windows, and can introduce up to 30-40 dB additional losses even at low frequencies [1][2][3]. The attenuation introduced by the external walls is typically modeled as a constant value, and there are plenty of studies reported in the literature providing such values for particular frequencies.…”

“…A similar finding but with slightly lower factor of 0.49 dB/m was recently reported in [6] for the extended range from 0.8 to 37 GHz. With respect to indoor wall attenuation, [3] suggests to approximate it with the low external wall attenuation given for old buildings. However, there is a lack of diversity or empirical validation in this model.…”

Analysis of Outdoor and Indoor Propagation at 15 GHz and Millimeter Wave Frequencies in Microcellular Environment

“…Generally, the old houses are composed of plane standard glass windows and concrete wall, while the Infrared Reflective (IRR) glass windows are commonly used in the new modern energy saving houses. In reference [15], the old buildings are assumed to have 30 % of the standard glass windows and 70 % of the concrete wall. Similarly, the assumption for new modern building type corresponds to the 70 % of the IRR glass windows and 30 % of the concrete wall.…”