Outside-in or Inside-out? A Randomized Controlled Trial of Two Empowerment Approaches for Family Caregivers of People with Schizophrenia

Factors related to family’s ability to care for schizophrenic patients

“…A family emotional expression questionnaire with a Berkeley expressivity questionnaire from [22] is a 10-item scale in response to a 4-point self-report measurement (1=Never to 4=Always) was found to be reliable in this study (α=0.865) and a cultural values questionnaire according to the concept [9] is a 5-item scale in response to a 4-point self-report measurement (1=Never to 4=Always) was found to be reliable in this study (α=0.815). Social environmental factors consisted of a stigma questionnaire developed [23] is a 9-item scale in response to a 4-point self-report measurement (1=Never to 4=Always) was found to be reliable in this study (α=880), a social network check sheet developed from the concept [17] and a social support questionnaire developed from the concept of Friedman et al [24] is a 10-item scale in response to a 4-point self-report measurement (1=Never to 4=Always) was found to be reliable in this study (α=0.923). The health service factors consisted of appropriate access and infrastructure questionnaire [25], they are 8-item scale in response to a 4-point self-…”

“…The introduction, exploration and activation of family resources are needed so that families realize their potential abilities and strengths to care for schizophrenic patients. Nurses can develop an intervention so that families can independently find strength, activate new resources, and inner resources to go through an integrated family empowerment program, this strengthens the theory of integrative empowerment [17]. Families are not only provided with knowledge, training and coping skills but also appreciate the meaning of positive parenting as a family's inner resource for caring the schizophrenic patients.…”

“…The family's inability to care for schizophrenic patients can be caused by various factors, including first, patient factors, namely: the onset of schizophrenia and comorbidities [2]. Second, family factors in the form of education, knowledge, parenting history, socioeconomic, internal vulnerability, family-owned resources, family history of mental disorders, family emotional expression and cultural values [9], [17]. Third, social environment factors such as stigma, social networks and social support [9], [17].…”

“…Second, family factors in the form of education, knowledge, parenting history, socioeconomic, internal vulnerability, family-owned resources, family history of mental disorders, family emotional expression and cultural values [9], [17]. Third, social environment factors such as stigma, social networks and social support [9], [17]. Fourth, health service factors such as access, infrastructure and health workers [14], [18], [19].…”

A Systematic Mapping Review of Family Perspectives About Received Mental Health Interventions

“…One study that asked the question whether it was significant that the telephone operator was a carer identified that “a person who has been in their place can understand how they feel and give the assistance needed, along with encouragement, empathy and hope” (Shor & Birnbaum, 2012, p. 487). A diversity of roles for carers within interventions working alongside health team members were identified including providing education (Chien et al, 2018; Farhall et al, 2020; Higgins et al, 2017; Riley et al, 2011; Weiss et al, 2018; Zhou et al, 2020), emotional support within psychoeducation programs (Lobban et al, 2020; Lobban, Glentworth, et al, 2013), and peer-led education and support within the health care environment and health system navigation assistance (Myers et al, 2015; Visa & Harvey, 2019).…”