Over-pressurized drums: Their causes and mitigation

Quigley, David; Simmons, Fred; Kuntamukkula, Murty; Robertson, Janeen; Bigger, Samuel; Freshwater, David; Matz-Siegel, Dina

doi:10.1016/j.jchas.2009.12.002

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…After a period of 2 days, an increase in the internal pressure of ∼10 psig was observed. This amount of pressure is enough to deform a closed, mild steel drum according to published accounts. , …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This amount of pressure is enough to deform a closed, mild steel drum according to published accounts. 9,10 To further test the hypothesis, a mixture of boric acid and aqueous potassium bicarbonate, in composition ratio consistent with the plant waste stream, was charged into the simulated drum apparatus and monitored for pressure. It was noted by the author that no visible evidence of reaction (i.e., gas evolution) was apparent immediately upon preparing the mixture at an ambient laboratory temperature, nor on initial pressure monitoring after equipment charging.…”

Section: Scheme 1 : Gepotidacin Imine Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reductive Amination Bicarbonate Quench: Gas-Evolving Waste Stream Near-Miss Investigation

Dixon

Flanagan

2020

Org. Process Res. Dev.

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The use of sodium triacetoxyborohydride (STAB) as a mild and effective reagent for the reduction of imines is well characterized in the literature. For reduction products that require a nonacidic workup, but cannot tolerate a strongly basic quenching regime, the reaction mixture is typically quenched with bicarbonate solution in excess to neutralize any remaining active reagent. We recently experienced a near-miss incident in our pilot plant operation, where the drummed, aqueous waste stream from a reductive amination process generated unexpected internal pressure, resulting in significant deformation of a mild steel drum during temporary storage. This article details the incident, associated hazard evaluation investigation, and recommendation to prevent future occurrences. The root cause was determined to be the slow reaction (hence slow generation of carbon dioxide) of weekly acidic boric acid, with excess potassium bicarbonate, present in the fully quenched aqueous waste stream.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scheme 1 : Gepotidacin Imine Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reductive Amination Bicarbonate Quench: Gas-Evolving Waste Stream Near-Miss Investigation

Dixon

Flanagan

2020

Org. Process Res. Dev.

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“…In more severe cases of drum overpressurization, both the top and bottom of the drum will be distended. In these cases, a safer approach for mitigating the situation is to use a remotely controlled drum punch . From a process safety handling perspective, the first consideration is to eliminate or minimize gas generation if possible by modifying the process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these cases, a safer approach for mitigating the situation is to use a remotely controlled drum punch. 8 From a process safety handling perspective, the first consideration is to eliminate or minimize gas generation if possible by modifying the process. The second consideration is to quench the waste stream to stop gas generation prior to drumming in a waste container.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Assessments Supporting Scale-up of Chemistry Involving Hydrogen

Yang

Wang

Muzzio

et al. 2021

Org. Process Res. Dev.

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Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) is a commonly used transformation in the pharmaceutical industry for the reduction of ketones to establish key stereocenters. Yet, the potential for hydrogen gas generation during reaction, workup, and waste handling processes could be overlooked, resulting in serious safety issues such as waste container overpressurization or fire. In this study, multiple module calorimeter (MMC) testing along with micro-GC tests of small scale (1−2 mL) representative lab samples were performed to detect and predict the potential safety hazards associated with the scale-up of an ATH process. Due to the safety concern discovered in the early safety screening tests, methanesulfonic acid (MSA) quench was implemented at the end of the ATH reaction to suppress hydrogen generation, avoiding possible overpressurizing the waste drum and the need to use special hydrogenrated equipment at pilot-and production-scale. A safety assessment was performed to ensure that the subsequent vacuum distillation poses no risk of hydrogen combustion caused by using a standard pump/system. The process improvements and rigorous safety assessments enable the ATH reaction to be scaled-up using standard pilot plant equipment without the need for special handling and monitoring requirements for hydrogen gas. This study provides useful guidance and recommendations for safer scaling-up of similar organic synthetic reactions which may also generate flammable gas.

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Radiation Compatibility of Geopolymer, Polymer, and Composite Materials for Use as Inner Shielding in Radioactive Waste Containers—A Simulation-Based Study

Vujovic

Vujisić

2022

Nuclear Technology

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Over-pressurized drums: Their causes and mitigation

Cited by 3 publications

References 2 publications

Reductive Amination Bicarbonate Quench: Gas-Evolving Waste Stream Near-Miss Investigation

Reductive Amination Bicarbonate Quench: Gas-Evolving Waste Stream Near-Miss Investigation

Safety Assessments Supporting Scale-up of Chemistry Involving Hydrogen

Radiation Compatibility of Geopolymer, Polymer, and Composite Materials for Use as Inner Shielding in Radioactive Waste Containers—A Simulation-Based Study

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