Overcoming barriers to green chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry – the Green Aspiration Level™ concept

Roschangar, Frank; Sheldon, Roger A.; Senanayake, Chris H.

doi:10.1039/c4gc01563k

Cited by 354 publications

(310 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…This observation led Roschangar et al. to propose definitions of the “simple E‐factor” and the “complete E‐factor” as well as their mode of utilisation 29. The simple E‐factor (noted sEF) omits water and solvents in the calculations, whereas the complete E‐factor (noted cEF) takes into account every material entering into the process without taking into consideration any water or organic‐solvent recycling steps.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This observation led Roschangar et al to proposed efinitions of the "simple E-factor" and the "complete E-factor"a sw ell as their mode of utilisation. [29] The simpleE -factor (noted sEF) omits water and solvents in the calculations, whereas the complete E-factor( noted cEF) takes into account every material entering into the processw ithout taking into consideration any water or organic-solvent recycling steps. With as imple E-factor value of 2.36, the organic-solvent-free CDI-mediated mechanosynthesis of N-benzylbenzamide presentsn oc lear advantage over the other strategies (Table 6).…”

Section: Evaluation Of the Environmental Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comprehensive Study of the Organic‐Solvent‐Free CDI‐Mediated Acylation of Various Nucleophiles by Mechanochemistry

Métro

Bonnamour

Reidon

et al. 2015

Chemistry A European J

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Acylation reactions are ubiquitous in the synthesis of natural products and biologically active compounds. Unfortunately, these reactions often require the use of large quantities of volatile and/or toxic solvents, either for the reaction, purification or isolation of the products. Herein we describe and discuss the possibility of completely eliminating the use of organic solvents for the synthesis, purification and isolation of products resulting from the acylation of amines and other nucleophiles. Thus, utilisation of N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) allows efficient coupling between carboxylic acids and various nucleophiles under solvent-free mechanical agitation, and water-assisted grinding enables both the purification and isolation of pure products. Critical parameters such as the physical state and water solubility of the products, milling material, type of agitation (vibratory or planetary) as well as contamination from wear are analysed and discussed. In addition, original organic-solvent-free conditions are proposed to overcome the limitations of this approach. The calculations of various green metrics are included, highlighting the particularly low environmental impact of this strategy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evaluation Of the Environmental Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Study of the Organic‐Solvent‐Free CDI‐Mediated Acylation of Various Nucleophiles by Mechanochemistry

Métro

Bonnamour

Reidon

et al. 2015

Chemistry A European J

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show abstract

“…Interestingly, the moisture content in the resins was a determining factor in the epimerization reaction. [67][68][69] J.…”

Section: Mechanochemical Epimerization Of Lutein (1) To 3′-epilutein (4)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“Eco‐Friendly” Epimerization of Lutein to 3′‐Epilutein Under Solvent‐Free Mechanochemical Conditions by Using a Strongly Acidic Cation‐Exchange Resin

et al. 2018

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Carotenoids represent a wide group of biologically active molecules found in nature with important applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. For example, lutein and its isomers meso‐ and trans‐zeaxanthin are globally the best‐selling carotenoids in terms of market value owing to their benefits to eye health. Here, the development of a solvent‐free mechanochemical epimerization protocol to convert naturally occurring lutein into 3′‐epilutein‐enriched mixtures (up to dr 37:63 lutein/3′‐epilutein) by using a strongly acidic cation‐exchange resin as an “eco‐friendly” catalyst is reported.

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“…These are but just a couple of examples of looking to sustainable chemistry in designing functional yet more benign chemicals. However, while these types of efforts are laudable and hold promise, the widespread integration of green and sustainable chemistry into chemical design remains elusive 16–19 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zebrafish as an in vivo model for sustainable chemical design

2016

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Heightened public awareness about the many thousands of chemicals in use and present as persistent contaminants in the environment has increased the demand for safer chemicals and more rigorous toxicity testing. There is a growing recognition that the use of traditional test models and empirical approaches is impractical for screening for toxicity the many thousands of chemicals in the environment and the hundreds of new chemistries introduced each year. These realities coupled with the green chemistry movement have prompted efforts to implement more predictive-based approaches to evaluate chemical toxicity early in product development. While used for many years in environmental toxicology and biomedicine, zebrafish use has accelerated more recently in genetic toxicology, high throughput screening (HTS), and behavioral testing. This review describes major advances in these testing methods that have positioned the zebrafish as a highly applicable model in chemical safety evaluations and sustainable chemistry efforts. Many toxic responses have been shown to be shared among fish and mammals owing to their generally well-conserved development, cellular networks, and organ systems. These shared responses have been observed for chemicals that impair endocrine functioning, development, and reproduction, as well as those that elicit cardiotoxicity and carcinogenicity, among other diseases. HTS technologies with zebrafish enable screening large chemical libraries for bioactivity that provide opportunities for testing early in product development. A compelling attribute of the zebrafish centers on being able to characterize toxicity mechanisms across multiple levels of biological organization from the genome to receptor interactions and cellular processes leading to phenotypic changes such as developmental malformations. Finally, there is a growing recognition of the links between human and wildlife health and the need for approaches that allow for assessment of real world multi-chemical exposures. The zebrafish is poised to be an important model in bridging these two conventionally separate areas of toxicology and characterizing the biological effects of chemical mixtures that could augment its role in sustainable chemistry.

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Overcoming barriers to green chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry – the Green Aspiration Level™ concept

Cited by 354 publications

References 46 publications

Comprehensive Study of the Organic‐Solvent‐Free CDI‐Mediated Acylation of Various Nucleophiles by Mechanochemistry

Comprehensive Study of the Organic‐Solvent‐Free CDI‐Mediated Acylation of Various Nucleophiles by Mechanochemistry

“Eco‐Friendly” Epimerization of Lutein to 3′‐Epilutein Under Solvent‐Free Mechanochemical Conditions by Using a Strongly Acidic Cation‐Exchange Resin

Zebrafish as an in vivo model for sustainable chemical design

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