Overcoming carer shortages with care robots: Dynamic value trade-offs in run-time

Abstract

A rising elderly population and diminishing number of family and professional carers has led to calls for the intervention of care robots. This leaves the quality of robot-delivered care to be determined by designers, for profit companies, nursing codes of practice and conduct, potential user sample groups, etc. What is missing is the carer who consciously makes good ethical decisions during practice. Good care is ‘determinative in practice’. That is, a carer can make good decisions because they are making them within the carer-patient relationship. If a robot is to be capable of good care ethics on the same level as humans, it needs to be conscious and able to make dynamic decisions in practice. Moreover, a care robot must conduct patient interactions in appropriate ways, tailored to the person in its care, at run-time. This is because good care, as well as being determinative in practice, is tailored to the individual. The introduction of robotic care determined by limited stakeholders leaves customised care in danger and instead could potentially turn the quality of elderly care into ‘elderly management’. This study introduces a new care robot framework—the attentive framework—which suggests using care centred value sensitive design (CCVSD) for the design process, as well as a computationally conscious information system (IS) to make practice-determinative decisions in run-time with extrinsic care value ordering. Although VSD has been extensively researched in the IS literature, CCVSD has not. The results of this study suggest that this new care robot framework, which is inspired by CCVSD, is competent in determining good, customised patient care at run-time. The contribution of this study is in its exploration of end-user willingness to trust known AI decisions and unwillingness to trust unknown AI decisions. Moreover, this study signifies the importance of, and desire for, good, customised robot-delivered care.

Sex care robots

“…If sex robots may take over that role in the care of elders and disabled persons, they should also be considered in that way from the very design of the technology. Methods to cater the design of robots to the specific needs of users include value sensitive design [107], carecentered value sensitive design [82], and values in motion design [108][109][110]. In this respect, the engagement between sex robot makers, care providers, and persons with disability may help configure a more person-centered sex care service decision-making, planning, and delivery.…”

The foundations of a policy for the use of social robots in care

“…For example, people grow older, and many of the elderly face challenges such as dementia and a general need for care [ 1 ]. Upholding the ratio of carers to elderly is perceived as a great challenge, and it is hoped that robots can meet some of the needs created by a shortage of carers [ 8 , 9 ]. According to Fong et al [ 10 ], social robots will, for example, ‘assist in health care, rehabilitation, and therapy’.…”

Digital platforms and responsible innovation: expanding value sensitive design to overcome ontological uncertainty

“…Specific variations to VSD have also been proposed, for instance care centered value sensitive design (CCVSD) aimed at using care practices and care values for evaluating the design of robots in care settings (Van Wynsberghe 2013). Some of these approaches call specifically for dynamically adapting to values that emerge through interaction with patients, after the technology is put in use (Poulsen and Burmeister 2019).…”