Colorectal cancer (CRC) as an environmental disease is largely influenced by accumulated epithelial stress from diverse environmental causes. We are exposed to ribosome-related insults, including ribosome-inactivating stress (
Colorectal cancer (CRC)3 is one of most commonly diagnosed cancers in developed countries, with a high morbidity and mortality rate because of metastasis via hepatic venous drainage from the original tumor mass (1, 2). This enables latestage tumors to endow a very high metastatic potential to other organs, which is one of the important reasons for early treatment with surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy for CRC patients. Although chemotherapy is the most general and effective strategy of treatment for metastatic colon cancer, occasional chemoresistance to anticancer drugs is a serious bottleneck for a successful cure. Fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin are the first-choice chemotherapy drugs for metastatic colon cancer. 5-FU is a pyrimidine analog that causes DNA damage, ultimately inducing apoptosis. It is a representative chemical that induces tumor suppressor p53 (3,4