Overloaded Training Increases Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress and Damage

Palazzetti, Stéphane; Richard, Marie‐Jeanne; Favier, A.; Margaritis, Irène

doi:10.1139/h03-045

Cited by 138 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This result corroborates those of Palazzetti et al (2003) who observed higher values in MDA following a normoxic maximal exercise after an overloaded training period. Because of the antioxidant status decrease, the HG runners were less efficient to neutralize the excess of ROS produced during the 4800 m test.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Effects of the ‘live high–train low’ method on prooxidant/antioxidant balance on elite athletes

Pialoux¹,

Mounier²,

Rock

et al. 2008

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Background/Objectives: We previously demonstrated that acute exposure to hypoxia (3 h at 3000 m) increased oxidative stress markers. Thus, by using the 'living high-training low' (LHTL) method, we further hypothesized that intermittent hypoxia associated with endurance training alters the prooxidant/antioxidant balance. Subjects/Methods: Twelve elite athletes from the Athletic French Federation were subjected to 18-day endurance training. They were divided into two groups: one group (control group) trained at 1200 m and lived in hypoxia (2500-3000 m simulated altitude) and the second group trained and lived at 1200 m. The subjects performed an acute hypoxic test (10 min at 4800 m) before and immediately after the training. Plasma levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehydes (MDA), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), lipid-soluble antioxidants normalized for triacylglycerols, and cholesterol and retinol were measured before and after the 4800 m tests. Results: After the training, MDA and AOPP concentrations were decreased in response to the 4800 m test only for the control group. Eighteen days of LHTL induced a significant decrease of all antioxidant markers (FRAP, P ¼ 0.01; a-tocopherol, P ¼ 0.04; b-carotene, P ¼ 0.01 and lycopene, P ¼ 0.02) for the runners. This imbalance between antioxidant and prooxidant might result from insufficient intakes in vitamins A and E. Conclusions: The LHTL model characterized by the association of aerobic exercises and intermittent resting hypoxia exposures decreased the antioxidant status whereas the normoxic endurance training induced preconditioning mechanisms in response to the 4800 m test.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Effects of the ‘live high–train low’ method on prooxidant/antioxidant balance on elite athletes

Pialoux¹,

Mounier²,

Rock

et al. 2008

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…Individuals who are submitted to intense and prolonged exercises or exhaustive training, or even, who have a very high training frequency may surpass the capacity of the endogenous antioxidant system and, consequently, promote severe muscular injuries, causing a local inflammatory process and oxidative stress. All these facts are involved in the reduction in performance, training volume and possibly overtraining (20,(22)(23) .…”

Section: Aerobic Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Aspectos atuais sobre estresse oxidativo, exercícios físicos e suplementação

Cruzat

Rogero

Borges

et al. 2007

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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Oxygen reactive species (ORE) are usually produced by the body metabolism. However, ORE present the ability to remove electrons from other cellular composites, being able to cause oxidative injuries in several molecules. Such fact leads to a total loss of cellular function. Physical exercise practice increases ORE synthesis, besides promoting muscular injury and inflammation. After a physical exercise set, the recovery phase begins, where several effects positive to health are observed, including increase in resistance to new injuries induced or not by exercise, a fact which is considered an 'adaptation' process. Many studies though, have reported that this recovery is not reached by individuals who are submitted to intense and extended exercises, or even, who have high training frequency. Nutritional alternatives have been widely studied, in order to reduce the effects promoted by extenuating exercise, among which vitamin E, vitamin C, creatine and glutamine supplementation is included. This review has the aim to approach the current aspects concerning the ORE formation, the cellular injury and inflammation processes, the adaptation to the kinds of aerobic and anaerobic exercise, besides possible nutritional interventions.

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“…Esse resultado é diferente do encontrado por outros autores que estudaram protocolos diferenciados de exercício, como Palazzetti et al (29) , avaliando triatletas submetidos a um duatlo após protocolo de supertreinamento, e Aguilo et al (28) , avaliando ciclistas profissionais após uma prova exaustiva em montanha de 171km, onde a atividade da SOD não se modificou após a competição. Já Oztasan et al (19) verificaram que, após o exercício exaustivo agudo, a atividade da enzima CuZn-SOD nos eritrócitos de ratos treinados estava aumentada.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Efeito do exercício de ultrarresistência sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo

Schneider

Silveira

Moreira

et al. 2009

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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Introdução: Exercícios de longa duração podem levar ao desequilíbrio entre os sistemas pró e antioxidante, acarretando dano a lipídeos, proteínas e DNA. Entretanto, alguns estudos avaliando triatlo Ironman observaram proteção aos lipídeos. Objetivo: Avaliar parâmetros de estresse oxidativo após uma competição de meio Ironman. Métodos: Participaram 11 sujeitos com idade de 31,1 ± 3,3 anos, massa corporal de 72,4 ± 5,4kg, estatura de 176,2 ± 4,8cm, gordura corporal de 9,8 ± 3,3 %, . VO 2máx na corrida de 60,7 ± 6,0mL/kg/min. Foram mensurados: dano a lipídeos através da quimiluminescência nos eritrócitos e TBARS no plasma, dano a proteínas através das carbonilas plasmáticas, ácido úrico e compostos fenólicos plasmáticos, assim como a atividade antioxidante enzimática da catalase, superóxido dismutase e glutationa peroxidase nos eritrócitos. Resultados: Houve redução na atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase (23,24 ± 1,49 para 20,77 ± 2,69U SOD/mg proteína, p = 0,045), e aumento no ácido úrico (40,81 ± 10,68 para 60,33 ± 6,71mg/L, p < 0,001) logo após a competição. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes catalase e glutationa peroxidase e nos compostos fenólicos totais, assim como não foi observado dano a lipídeos (TBARS e quimiluminescência) e proteínas (carbonilas). Conclusão: Esse grupo de atletas não sofreu estresse oxidativo, provavelmente devido à liberação de ácido úrico e outros antioxidantes no plasma.Palavras-chave: radicais livres, ácido úrico, superóxido dismutase. ABSTRACTUltra-endurance exercises can cause imbalance between the pro and antioxidant systems, leading to lipid, protein and DNA damage. Nevertheless, some studies evaluating Ironman triathlon found protection to lipids. Purpose: To evaluate oxidative stress parameters after a half-Ironman competition. Methods: Eleven subjects aged 31.1 ± 3.3 yr, body weight 72.4 ± 5.4 kg, height 176.2 ± 4.8 cm, body fat 9.8 ± 3.3 %, . VO 2máx on run 60.7 ± 6.0 mL/kg/min, participated in this study. The following data were measured: lipid damage by chemoluminescence in erythrocyte and TBARS in plasma, protein damage by plasmatic carbonyls, uric acid and phenolic compounds, as well as the antioxidant enzymatic activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes. Results: Reduction in superoxide dismutase (23.24 ± 1.49 to 20.77 ± 2.69 U SOD/mg protein, p = 0.045), and increase in uric acid (40.81 ± 10.68 to 60.33 ± 6.71 mg/L, p < 0.001) were found immediately after the competition. No statistically significant differences were found in catalase and glutathione peroxidase or phenolic compounds. Lipid (TBARS and chemoluminescence) or protein (carbonyl) damage was not observed either. Conclusion: These athletes did not suffer oxidative stress, probably due to uric acid and other plasmatic antioxidants release in the plasma.Keywords: free radicals, uric acid, superoxide dismutase. INTRODUÇÃOExercícios extenuantes ou de longa duração estão relacionados ao dano tecidual e podem caus...

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Overloaded Training Increases Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress and Damage

Cited by 138 publications

References 28 publications

Effects of the ‘live high–train low’ method on prooxidant/antioxidant balance on elite athletes

Effects of the ‘live high–train low’ method on prooxidant/antioxidant balance on elite athletes

Aspectos atuais sobre estresse oxidativo, exercícios físicos e suplementação

Efeito do exercício de ultrarresistência sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo

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