Overprinting faulting mechanisms during the development of multiple fault sets in sandstone, Chimney Rock fault array, Utah, USA

Davatzes, Nicholas C.; Aydin, Atilla; Eichhubl, Peter

doi:10.1016/s0040-1951(02)00647-9

Cited by 75 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Fault architecture varies as a function of the host lithology. In sandstone units of the Wescogame, Esplanade, and Coconino Formations, fault surfaces are irregular and appear to have formed through the shearing and linking of preexisting joint surfaces as described by previous workers for faulting in sandstone (Davatzes et al, 2003;Flodin et al, 2003). This faulting process leads to poor fault exposure in the fi eld with highly variable orientations of individual exposed slip surfaces.…”

Section: Faultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Deformation associated with a continental normal fault system, western Grand Canyon, Arizona

Resor

2008

Geological Society of America Bulletin

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Reverse-drag folds are often used to infer subsurface fault geometry in extended terrains, yet details of how these folds form in association with slip on normal fault systems are poorly understood. Detailed structural mapping and global positioning system (GPS) surveying of the Frog Fault and Lone Mountain Monocline in the western Grand Canyon demonstrate a systematic relationship between elements of the normal fault system and fold geometry. The Lone Mountain Monocline, which parallels the Frog Fault, is made up of two half-monoclinal fl exures: a hanging-wall fold in which dips gradually increase toward the fault over ~1.5 km reaching a maximum dip of 25° and a footwall fold in which dips decrease away from the fault over ~0.5 km from a maximum of 12°. The highest dips associated with folding are found where throw on the Frog Fault and a synthetic fault are at a maximum. Lower dips are found where there is less throw on the Frog Fault and antithetic faults are present. This relationship between fault and fold geometry suggests that the folding is associated with Basin and Range extension rather than Laramide contraction. Mechanical models of normal faultrelated deformation predict similar patterns of folding over planar faults of fi nite extent and corroborate the important role of subsidiary fault geometry in the overall pattern of deformation. Application of these models in an inverse sense yields ~1 km estimates of down-dip extent, a result that may indicate fault confi nement within the sedimentary section or weakening effects associated with folding layered strata. A general analysis illustrates that reverse-drag folds of moderate dip are expected to form in association with slip on planar faults of fi nite extent-a result that has the potential to impact our estimates of hydrocarbon volumes, crustal extension, and earthquake hazards associated with continental normal faults.

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Section: Faultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Deformation associated with a continental normal fault system, western Grand Canyon, Arizona

Resor

2008

Geological Society of America Bulletin

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“…If considered as cumulative damage features [e.g., Perrin et al, 2016], imbricate faults could lead to an interpretation of a thicker damage zone. Damage zone thickness may also scale with parent fault length [Vermilye and Scholz, 1998;Davatzes and Aydin, 2003;de Joussineau et al, 2007], in which case a subduction fault damage zone could be very thick. However, although secondary faults are observed in the core and seismic images, we emphasize that our observations of a narrow zone around the plate-boundary fault minimize complexity related to secondary faults and emphasize the local effects of the accumulated displacement on the décollement.…”

Section: 1002/2015jb012311mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the rate of decrease in structure density and damage zone thickness vary significantly for different faults, contributing to scattered scaling relations between damage zone characteristics and displacement [e.g., Hull, 1988;Evans, 1990;Knott et al, 1996;Shipton et al, 2006;Childs et al, 2009;Faulkner et al, 2011a;Savage and Brodsky, 2011]. Damage zone thickness may also scale with parent fault length [Vermilye and Scholz, 1998;Davatzes and Aydin, 2003;de Joussineau et al, 2007;Perrin et al, 2016].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The damage is done: Low fault friction recorded in the damage zone of the shallow Japan Trench décollement

Keren

Kirkpatrick

2016

JGR Solid Earth

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Fault damage zones record the integrated deformation caused by repeated slip on faults and reflect the conditions that control slip behavior. To investigate the Japan Trench décollement, we characterized the damage zone close to the fault from drill core recovered during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 343 (Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project (JFAST)). Core‐scale and microscale structures include phyllosilicate bands, shear fractures, and joints. They are most abundant near the décollement and decrease in density sharply above and below the fault. Power law fits describing the change in structure density with distance from the fault result in decay exponents (n) of 1.57 in the footwall and 0.73 in the hanging wall. Microstructure decay exponents are 1.09 in the footwall and 0.50 in the hanging wall. Observed damage zone thickness is on the order of a few tens of meters. Core‐scale structures dip between ~10° and ~70° and are mutually crosscutting. Compared to similar offset faults, the décollement has large decay exponents and a relatively narrow damage zone. Motivated by independent constraints demonstrating that the plate boundary is weak, we tested if the observed damage zone characteristics could be consistent with low‐friction fault. Quasi‐static models of off‐fault stresses and deformation due to slip on a wavy, frictional fault under conditions similar to the JFAST site predict that low‐friction fault produces narrow damage zones with no preferred orientations of structures. These results are consistent with long‐term frictional weakness on the décollement at the JFAST site.

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“…In our study area, the failure structures at steps and around the fault core are generally mode-I fractures formed either under tensile local stresses (Segall and Pollard, 1980) or compressive local stresses (Horii and Nemat-Nasser, 1985). However, shear bands Shipton and Cowie, 2003) are occasionally observed at narrow contractional steps (Davatzes et al, 2003), which are neglected in this study.…”

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confidence: 93%

Analysis of the growth of strike-slip faults using effective medium theory

Aydin

Berryman

2010

Journal of Structural Geology

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Increases in the dimensions of strike-slip faults including fault length and thickness of fault rock and the surrounding damage zone collectively provide quantitative definition of fault growth and are commonly measured in terms of slip. A vast amount of field data shows that fault dimensions increase in some fashion as the slip across faults increases though these relationships may not be simple. The field observations also indicate that a common mechanism for fault growth in the brittle upper crust is fault lengthening by linkage and coalescence of neighboring fault segments or strands. In addition, the mechanism of fault zone widening is spreading of fault rock via cataclastic deformation into highly fractured inner damage zone. The most important underlying mechanical reason in both cases is prior weakening of the rocks surrounding a fault's core and between neighboring fault segments by fault-related fractures. Using field observations together with effective medium models, this paper attempts to constrain the reduction in the effective elastic properties of rock in terms of the orientation and density of the fault-related brittle fractures. Calculated and extrapolated values of the Young's and shear moduli for idealized fractured rock masses at fault steps and inner damage zones provide insight into the degree of strength degradation as a function of the angle between fracture sets and fracture density and how increasing fracture density may eventually facilitate fault growth via cataclastic deformation of fractured rock masses.

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Overprinting faulting mechanisms during the development of multiple fault sets in sandstone, Chimney Rock fault array, Utah, USA

Cited by 75 publications

References 40 publications

Deformation associated with a continental normal fault system, western Grand Canyon, Arizona

Deformation associated with a continental normal fault system, western Grand Canyon, Arizona

The damage is done: Low fault friction recorded in the damage zone of the shallow Japan Trench décollement

Analysis of the growth of strike-slip faults using effective medium theory

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