Overview of factors contributing to steel spring performance and failure

Canale, Lauralice de Campos Franceschini; Penha, Renata Neves; Totten, George E.; Canale, Antonio; Gasparini, Maria Regina

doi:10.1504/ijmmp.2007.015310

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Findings from the failure analysis study on this high carbon steel spring wire are shown below. Surface and subsurface metallurgical defects act as stress risers (concentrators) and the surface is subjected to the highest tension, bending and torsion stresses [7]. Tensile stresses developed during the cooling after galvanizing.…”

Section: General Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, surface defects and coating defects can create notch effects in spring wire production. The springs running under repeated stresses are broken by the development of the cracks that develop with time and cause damage [5][6][7]. This study is a detailed failure analysis of galvanized high carbon (0.83%) steel spring wires, which developed coating cracks during the fatigue test performed as a quality control at the end of the manufacturing process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Failure Evaluation of Galvanized High Carbon Steel Spring Wires

2019

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High carbon steel wires are subjected to patented heat treatment after the surface cleaning process to obtain sufficient mechanical strength and toughness properties. As a result of this process, thin lamellar pearlitic microstructural features suitable for subsequent diameter reduction processes are obtained. Before entering the hot dip zinc bath, the surface is again subjected to pre-surface preparation. Afterwards, the wires reach the targeted coating thickness depending upon the dipping time in the molten zinc bath at 450 • C and a bright and smooth surface finish is obtained by cooling with air or water after stripping at the exit of the bath. Various discontinuities can be observed in the galvanized layer depending on the cooling rate and surface preparation process quality. The risk of failure to the galvanized wire due to these discontinuities during subsequent shaping or during diameter reduction is very high. In this study, a failure analysis was carried out on galvanized spring steel. The results showed that the failure is related to two main factors: the relatively poor surface quality and the unsuitable cooling rate of the wires after exiting from the galvanizing bath. In order to explain the origin of the failure, systematic metallographic investigations were performed by means of scanning electron microscope on both the wire surface and zinc layer cross-section. Mechanical behavior of wire was investigated on lifespan testing.

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Section: General Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure Evaluation of Galvanized High Carbon Steel Spring Wires

2019

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“…When top slag with low basicity and low alumina content is added during spring steel refining, the reaction takes place at the steel-slag interface as shown in reaction (1). …”

Section: Steel-slag Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been proven that nonmetallic inclusions as crack initiation have a great effect on the in-service life of spring wire. [1][2][3] As a result, inclusions with small size, little quantity, and good plasticity are preferred. Some researches indicate that the major factor influencing the plastic deformation of inclusions is the melting point, which has a close relationship with the chemical composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Top Slag with Low Basicity on Transformation Control of Inclusions in Spring Steel Deoxidized by Si and Mn

Yang

et al. 2016

ISIJ Int.

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In order to study the effect of top slag with low basicity on transformation control of inclusions in spring steel deoxidized by Si and Mn, the optimum composition of CaO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -MgO slag system with low basicity was firstly calculated by FactSage. Then the industrial experiments were carried out based on the results of calculation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to determine the morphology, size and composition of inclusions in spring steel. It is proved that MnS, CaO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -MgO and CaO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -MgO-MnS system inclusions are three major nonmetallic inclusions in spring steel, and the transformation of inclusion compositions to plastic deformation can be achieved by controlling the binary basicity (CaO/SiO 2 by mass percent) at the range of 1.0 to 1.19 and C/A (C/A = CaO/Al 2 O 3 by mass percent) above 9 in top slag. In addition, along with the refining process, the average oxygen content in molten steel and the alumina content in inclusions both decrease, and the number of inclusions greater than 5 um gradually decreases. Finally, the inclusions in spring wire rod are controlled effectively.

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“…Valve spring, generally in the form of a coil spring, used for an internal combustion engine of automotive vehicles is always subjected to compressive loads periodically applied at a high frequency. As a result, hard and non‐deformable inclusions like Al 2 O 3 ‐rich inclusions should be avoided strictly to prevent giga‐cycle fatigue, because they always act as crack initiations and decrease the fatigue strength of high‐strength valve spring steel . Similar to tire cord steel, a technology of Si–Mn deoxidation combined with top slag refining is always used during the production of valve spring steel to reduce [Al] S content in steel to a desired trace level, which also causes a corresponding decrease of Al 2 O 3 content in inclusions to some extent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the Origin of Al₂ O₃ -Rich Inclusions in Valve Spring Steel under Vacuum Condition

Chen

et al. 2016

steel research int.

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Hard and non‐deformable Al2O3‐rich (>70 mass%) inclusions are extremely detrimental for valve spring wire. In order to explore the origin of Al2O3‐rich inclusions and provide solutions, an investigation on the effects of Al‐containing MgO–C refractory and refining slag on the generation of Al2O3‐rich inclusions in valve spring steel deoxidized by Si and Mn under different vacuum conditions is carried out on a laboratorial scale by a cold crucible levitation melting (CCLM) furnace. The experimental results indicate that the refractory/steel interaction under vacuum conditions has a far more significant contribution to the increase of [Al]S (Acid‐soluble Al) content in steel compared with slag/steel interaction, which further leads to the generation of Al2O3‐rich inclusions. Based on the experimental results and thermodynamic calculations, the mechanisms of refractory/steel interaction and slag/steel interaction under vacuum conditions are deduced to provide a reference for the control of Al2O3‐rich inclusions in valve spring steel deoxidized by Si and Mn.

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Overview of factors contributing to steel spring performance and failure

Cited by 15 publications

References 44 publications

Failure Evaluation of Galvanized High Carbon Steel Spring Wires

Failure Evaluation of Galvanized High Carbon Steel Spring Wires

Effect of Top Slag with Low Basicity on Transformation Control of Inclusions in Spring Steel Deoxidized by Si and Mn

Investigation on the Origin of Al₂ O₃ -Rich Inclusions in Valve Spring Steel under Vacuum Condition

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Overview of factors contributing to steel spring performance and failure

Cited by 15 publications

References 44 publications

Failure Evaluation of Galvanized High Carbon Steel Spring Wires

Failure Evaluation of Galvanized High Carbon Steel Spring Wires

Effect of Top Slag with Low Basicity on Transformation Control of Inclusions in Spring Steel Deoxidized by Si and Mn

Investigation on the Origin of Al2 O3 -Rich Inclusions in Valve Spring Steel under Vacuum Condition

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Investigation on the Origin of Al₂ O₃ -Rich Inclusions in Valve Spring Steel under Vacuum Condition