Overview of parasitism associated effects on host haemocytes in larval parasitoids and comparison with effects of the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus inanitus on its host Spodoptera littoralis

Morphological characterization of Anticarsia gemmatalis M nucleopolyhedrovirus infection in haemocytes from its natural larval host, the velvet bean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

“…Together, pl and gh1 constitute around 60% of A. gemmatalis larval haemocytes ( Silveira et al, 2003), with similar occurrence being encountered in other lepidopterans ( Ribeiro et al, 1996 andStettler et al, 1998), which indicates a great demand for the functions of these two cell types.…”

Proteome changes in the plasma of Papilio xuthus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): effect of parasitization by the endoparasitic wasp Pteromalus puparum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

“…Cellular immunity mediated by blood cells plays a major role in the defense against parasitoids. Disruption of host cellular defenses by parasitoids through the way of modifying haemocyte behavior, abundance and morphology has been well documented (Stettler et al, 1998), while little is known about the molecular mechanism of such modifications. In the present study, the proteins with special roles in insect cellular immunity regulated by parasitization provide us an opportunity for understanding the molecular bases of parasitic wasps overcoming hosts, cellular defense reaction.…”

“…However, as potent regulators of insect hosts, parasitic wasps can use an extensive array of immune-evasive or suppressive factors including venoms, polydnaviruses (PDVs), virus-like particles (VLPs), and ovarian fluids to suppress the host immune responses. These factors create a suitable microenvironment for successful completion of parasitoid offspring development in the hemocoel or at the external surface of host insects (Stettler et al, 1998;Turnbull and Webb, 2002;Asgari, 2006;Schmidt, 2006). The destructive or subversive functions of these virulent factors on host physiology have been well documented (Stettler et al, 1998;Beckage and Gelman, 2004;Asgari, 2006;Moreau and Guillot, 2005;Pennacchio and Strand, 2006), although little is known so far on the molecular basis of these alterations.…”

A SERI technique reveals an immunosuppressive activity of a serine-rich protein encoded in Cotesia plutellae bracovirus

“…Maintaining hemocyte populations in circulation mostly depends on their combined divisions after differentiation (23). In several endoparasitoids, parasitism results in the significant reduction of host hemocyte populations, leading to host immunosuppression (24). Reduction in hemocyte levels due to parasitism of C. kariyai was caused by cell death of circulating hemocytes and by histolysis of hematopoietic organs (25).…”