Overview of Rabies in and around Addis Ababa, in Animals Examined in EHNRI Zoonoses Laboratory Between, 2003 and 2009

Ali, Abraham; Mengistu, Fasil; Hussen, Kedir; Getahun, Garoma; Deressa, Asefa; Yimer, Eshetu; Tafese, Kassahun

doi:10.4314/evj.v14i2.63927

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Bearing in mind the risk of biting people, owners of male dogs are prompt to have them vaccinated. Another reason for more male dogs being vaccinated than females is that they frequently fight for females during the mating season [ 20 ]. These fights can promote the transmission of rabies within the dog population and lead to culling which could be costly for owners of male hybrid dogs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of dog owner-charged rabies vaccination in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Kazadi

Tshilenge

Mbao³

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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Rabies is a preventable fatal disease that causes about 61,000 human deaths annually around the world, mostly in developing countries. In Africa, several studies have shown that vaccination of pets is effective in controlling the disease. An annual vaccination coverage of 70% is recommended by the World Health Organization as a control threshold. The effective control of rabies requires vaccination coverage of owned dogs. Identification of the factors determining dog owners’ choice to vaccinate is necessary for evidence-based policy-making. However, for the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the limited data on rabies vaccination coverage makes it difficult for its control and formulation of appropriate policies. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kinshasa (Lemba commune) with dog-owning households and owned dogs as study populations. The association between dog vaccination and independent factors (household socio-demographics characteristics, dog characteristics, knowledge of rabies and location of veterinary offices/clinics) was performed with Epi-info 7. The Odds Ratio (OR) and p-value < 0.05 were used to determine levels of significance. A total of 166 households owning dogs and 218 owned dogs were investigated. 47% of the dogs had been vaccinated within one year preceding the survey which is higher than the critical coverage (25 to 40%) necessary to interrupt rabies transmission but below the 70% threshold recommended by WHO for control. The determinants of vaccination included socio-economic level of the household (OR = 2.9, p<0.05), formal education level of the dog owner (OR = 4, p<0.05), type of residence (OR = 4.6, p<0.05), knowledge of rabies disease (OR = 8.0, p<0.05), knowledge of location of veterinary offices/clinics (OR = 3.4, p<0.05), dog gender (OR = 1.6, p<0.05) and dog breed (OR = 2.1, p<0.05). This study shows that the vaccination coverage in this area can easily reach the WHO threshold if supplemented by mass vaccination campaigns.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of dog owner-charged rabies vaccination in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Kazadi

Tshilenge

Mbao³

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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“…For instance, a study in Chad showed that 80% of the human dog bites originated from male dogs [ 38 ]. Male dogs are also more likely to be diagnosed positive for rabies than females [ 39 ].The risk of acquiring an infection may possibly be influenced by males’ fighting over females during the breeding season [ 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Dog Rabies Vaccination Coverage in Africa: A Question of Dog Accessibility or Cost Recovery?

2015

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BackgroundRabies still poses a significant human health problem throughout most of Africa, where the majority of the human cases results from dog bites. Mass dog vaccination is considered to be the most effective method to prevent rabies in humans. Our objective was to systematically review research articles on dog rabies parenteral vaccination coverage in Africa in relation to dog accessibility and vaccination cost recovery arrangement (i.e.free of charge or owner charged).Methodology/Principal FindingsA systematic literature search was made in the databases of CAB abstracts (EBSCOhost and OvidSP), Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Medline (EBSCOhost and OvidSP) and AJOL (African Journal Online) for peer reviewed articles on 1) rabies control, 2) dog rabies vaccination coverage and 3) dog demography in Africa. Identified articles were subsequently screened and selected using predefined selection criteria like year of publication (viz. ≥ 1990), type of study (cross sectional), objective(s) of the study (i.e. vaccination coverage rates, dog demographics and financial arrangements of vaccination costs), language of publication (English) and geographical focus (Africa). The selection process resulted in sixteen peer reviewed articles which were used to review dog demography and dog ownership status, and dog rabies vaccination coverage throughout Africa. The main review findings indicate that 1) the majority (up to 98.1%) of dogs in African countries are owned (and as such accessible), 2) puppies younger than 3 months of age constitute a considerable proportion (up to 30%) of the dog population and 3) male dogs are dominating in numbers (up to 3.6 times the female dog population). Dog rabies parenteral vaccination coverage was compared between “free of charge” and “owner charged” vaccination schemes by the technique of Meta-analysis. Results indicate that the rabies vaccination coverage following a free of charge vaccination scheme (68%) is closer to the World Health Organization recommended coverage rate (70%) than the achieved coverage rate in owner-charged dog rabies vaccination schemes (18%).Conclusions/SignificanceMost dogs in Africa are owned and accessible for parenteral vaccination against rabies if the campaign is performed “free of charge”.

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“…Of these countries, Ethiopia is one of the worst affected [ 1 ], with domestic dogs being the major sources of the infection to humans [ 3 ]. Dog management is, however, poor and anti-rabies dog vaccination is generally limited to a small number of dogs found in urban settings [ 4 ]. The large dog population size in combination with poor dog management contributes to a high endemicity of canine rabies in Ethiopia [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the burden of rabies in Ethiopia by tracing dog bite victims

et al. 2018

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In developing countries where financial resources are limited and numerous interests compete, there is a need for quantitative data on the public health burden and costs of diseases to support intervention prioritization. This study aimed at estimating the health burden and post-exposure treatment (PET) costs of canine rabies in Ethiopia by an investigation of exposed human cases. Data on registered animal bite victims during the period of one year were collected from health centers in three districts, i.e. Bishoftu, Lemuna-bilbilo and Yabelo, to account for variation in urban highland and lowland areas. This data collection was followed by an extensive case search for unregistered victims in the same districts as the registered cases. Victims were visited and questioned on their use of PET, incurred treatment costs and the behavioral manifestations of the animal that had bitten them. Based on the collected data PET costs were evaluated by financial accounting and the health burden was estimated in Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). In total 655 animal bite cases were traced of which 96.5% was caused by dog bites. 73.6% of the biting dogs were suspected to be potentially rabid dog. Annual suspected rabid dog exposures were estimated per evaluated urban, rural highland and rural lowland district at, respectively, 135, 101 and 86 bites, which led, respectively, to about 1, 4 and 3 deaths per 100,000 population. In the same district order average costs per completed PET equaled to 23, 31 and 40 USD, which was significantly higher in rural districts. Extrapolation of the district results to the national level indicated an annual estimate of approximately 3,000 human deaths resulting in about 194,000 DALYs per year and 97,000 exposed persons requiring on average 2 million USD treatment costs per year countrywide. These estimations of the burden of rabies to the Ethiopian society provide decision makers insights into the potential benefits of implementing effective interventions.

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Overview of Rabies in and around Addis Ababa, in Animals Examined in EHNRI Zoonoses Laboratory Between, 2003 and 2009

Cited by 19 publications

References 8 publications

Determinants of dog owner-charged rabies vaccination in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Determinants of dog owner-charged rabies vaccination in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Review on Dog Rabies Vaccination Coverage in Africa: A Question of Dog Accessibility or Cost Recovery?

Estimating the burden of rabies in Ethiopia by tracing dog bite victims

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