Overview of technologies for improving energy efficiency from energy intensive industries derived from the Italian national experience in IPPC permit licensing

Energy Performance of Italian Oil Refineries Based on Mandatory Energy Audits

“…In the final energy savings, the main intervention category is production lines, with 30 ktoe of annual saving (66% of the total), referrings to intervention such as integration of heat recovery systems (in furnaces), flare gas recovery units, or the electrification of mechanical systems (mainly in air coolers and FCC units). This result is aligned with best available techniques as suggested by national regulations [55]. Pressure systems represent 9 ktoe (21%), followed by thermal power plant and other heat recovery systems with 5.5 ktoe (13%).…”

“…Power generation is a very important business associated to oil refineries [73], but its analysis is excluded from this work. Specifically, three integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC) plants using refinery residues as feedstock are installed at SARAS (570 MW e ), API (280 MW e ) and ISAB (550 MW e ) refineries [55].…”

“…However, scientific literature about Italian refineries is relatively scarce and it is mainly focused on environmental (gas pollutant emissions [50], volatile organic compounds [51] and impact in soils [52]) and socioeconomic [53,54] assessments of refineries. Only in [55] is an overview presented of the status of implementation of BAT related to energy efficiency in some Italian industrial sites involved in the integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC-IED) European Directives. This analysis includes 12 refineries and showed the high maturity of the Italian refining sector in terms of heat integration (except Pinch analysis), process optimization, and cogeneration.…”