Overview of the analytical methods for vancomycin and/or teicoplanin determination in biological matrices

Abstract

Background. Teicoplanin and vancomycin are glycopeptide antibiotics currently in use for treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Scope and Approach. Severe undesirable effects, such as ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity and neutropenia have been reported for vancomycin and teicoplanin, which necessitates monitoring the concentration of these two drugs in different biological samples. In order to obtain precise and accurate results, sensitive, reliable and fast methods are necessary. The main aim of this mini review is to give a clear and concise overview of the recently developed, validated, novel and improved methods for glycopeptide antibiotic analyses in various biological matrices. Also, the variability of the matrices requires optimal and effective sample preparation procedures to be developed, and so these are discussed. Key Findings and Conclusions. Different liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods have been described for quantitative determination of glycopeptide antibiotics in various biological matrices. It was shown that protein precipitation was a convenient method for sample preparation despite the high number of novel sample preparation methods.

Toxicity Profile and Pharmacokinetic Study of Antibiotic Mixtures, Gentamicin and Vancomycin, in Rat Plasma by Ecofriendly Liquid Chromatography Coupled Tandem Mass Spectrometry

“…HILIC mode is the most appropriate stationary phase for the separation of aminoglycoside and glycopeptides antibiotics owing to the high polarity and hydrophilicity of these classes. VCM and GTM were highly retained on HILIC columns providing excellent peak symmetry; , however, the high content of organic solvent, ACN, in the mobile phase composition, which improves method sensitivity especially in MS, limits the application of this method environmentally. ACN, the most popular solvent employed for antibiotic separation, is not recommended environmentally to be used in a high ratio, while using a water-enriched chromatographic separation is a promising environmentally friendly methodology. , In the current study, we, therefore, select the C18 column, which is widely utilized for the quantification of the target drugs in various biological fluids.…”

“…Moreover, the usually utilized solvents like halogenated solvents are environmentally unfriendly. PP was the method of choice for the extraction of VCM and GTM from various biological specimens. , PP is an efficient, very simple, cost-effective, and time-saving method that includes removing proteins and other macromolecules from the sample by denaturing them with appropriate organic solvent (ACN, methanol) or acid (formic acid, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), HClO 4 , TFA). ACN is often used as a precipitating agent for the extraction of VCM and GTM from plasma, serum, urine, and peritoneal effusion.…”

“…ACN is often used as a precipitating agent for the extraction of VCM and GTM from plasma, serum, urine, and peritoneal effusion. Moreover, ACN achieved the highest recovery for VCM when low sample volume was employed . It was reported that the presence of proton source is essential for getting reproducible peak areas for certain antibiotics .…”

“…HPLC coupled with tandem mass spectrometric (LC–MS/MS) detection technique is the method of choice for the identification and quantification of GTM and VCM in biological fluids because aminoglycoside and glycopeptide lack notable chromophores and fluorophores . Several LC–MS/MS methods have been reported for the determination of GTM − and VCM − in biological fluids. These methods were developed for quantification of the target drugs in positive ion mode either alone or with other antibiotics.…”

“…These methods were developed for quantification of the target drugs in positive ion mode either alone or with other antibiotics. The major limitations of these methods are that relatively large sample volumes (200–1000 μL) ,, complicated extraction and separation procedures ,,, are required for quantifying the analytes of interest. Currently, only one analytical method exists for quantifying GTM and VCM in neonatal plasma.…”