Overview of the Pathology, Repair and Strengthening of Adobe Structures

Illampas, Rogiros; Ioannou, Ioannis; Charmpis, Dimos C.

doi:10.1080/15583058.2011.624254

Cited by 46 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This paper will focus on the deterioration of rammed earth as the sites comprising this material have been less investigated compared to adobe [e.g. [6][7][8][9][10][11], despite rammed earth experiencing extensive and widespread deterioration [3,12]. Hereafter, earthen heritage will refer to rammed earth in arid to semi-arid environments unless otherwise stated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A controlled field experiment to investigate the deterioration of earthen heritage by wind and rain

et al. 2019

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Earthen heritage constitutes 10% of sites on the World Heritage List and many of these sites are experiencing extensive deterioration caused by environmental forces, such as wind and rain. This study used a well-established test wall to investigate the impact of environmental conditions on the deterioration of earthen heritage at the remote and under-studied site of Suoyang Ancient City, Gansu Province, China, which is exhibiting widespread deterioration. Test walls have previously been used in earthen heritage research as they allow controlled experiments to be undertaken on complex, realistic structures without risking damage or loss of value to the historic material. This study used portable wind and rain erosion simulation devices to investigate experimentally (i) the comparative effect of wind, sediment-laden wind and wind-driven rain in causing deterioration to earthen heritage and (ii) how the incipient deterioration features produced by wind, sediment-laden wind and wind-driven rain on the test wall relate to the deterioration features recorded on the historic city walls. The test wall was subjected to low, medium and high intensities of clean wind, sediment-laden wind and wind-driven rain. The extent of deterioration produced was measured using repeat, high resolution laser scans before and after each test run. The deterioration features caused by each environmental force were notably different with clean wind removing the loose surface material, sedimentladen wind causing pitting and wind-driven rain causing incipient gullying. These incipient features compare well with more developed features seen on the historic walls. Wind-driven rain caused the greatest amount of deterioration while clean wind caused the least. However, as the frequency and duration of wind events at Suoyang is much greater than those of rain events, wind is likely to play an important role in the deterioration of earthen heritage over annual timescales. These findings show that conservation strategies at rammed earth sites like Suoyang need to address the impact of multiple environmental forces, such as clean wind, sediment laden wind and wind-driven rain.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A controlled field experiment to investigate the deterioration of earthen heritage by wind and rain

et al. 2019

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“…The factors influencing weathering of the earthen archaeological sites include internal factor and external factor. The internal factors are the composition and the nature of the earthen archaeological site itself, including soil composition and microstructure [46]. The external factors refer to the influence from external environmental factors, including temperature, humidity, and moisture content.…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopy (Sem) Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Studies on Earthen Architecture Sites Consolidated with BS Materials in Arid Regions

Zhao¹,

Lu²,

Wang³

et al. 2016

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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This paper takes the preservation works on the archaeological sites of Gaochang Ruins, Xinjiang, as background. Based on the soil characteristics analysis on the archaeological sites, experimental studies were conducted on the consolidation effect of the BS-10 consolidation material on the archaeological sites of adobe and rammed earth. The results showed the following:, after consolidation, the wind erosion resistance of the soil on the archaeological sites was substantially increased, and the wind erosion modulus was reduced by 5~8 times; the soil exhibited fine grid structure and significantly reduced degree of permeability, while still maintaining the moisture exchange between inside and outside the soil; there is excellent ageing resistance; the resistance to freezing and thawing was closely related to the soil water content and had little influence in arid regions; the water resistance was improved and could satisfy the requirements for consolidating the sites in arid regions; the unconfined compressive strength was improved moderately, which was the key direction of improvement in the future, and the consolidated soil did not form duricrust on the surface and had good bonding strength with the internal parts. The BS-10 material can meet the consolidation requirements for the earthen archaeological sites in arid regions of northwest China.

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“…Cracking in such constructions is primarily caused by seismic action, forced displacements (e.g. foundation settlements) and high levels of concentrated static loads [1]. The presence of cracks can significantly affect the performance of adobe masonry as it reduces its load-bearing capacity and stiffness, while providing a path for damage propagation and moisture penetration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Efficient repair of cracking damage is thus considered essential for ensuring the overall stability of adobe buildings. 1 Post-doctoral Researcher, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, rilamp01@ucy.ac.cy 2 Post-doctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal, ruisilva@civil.uminho.pt 3 Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, charmpis@ucy.ac.cy Research has shown that the injection of grouts into cracked earth masonry sections can provide adequate stiffness and strength recovery [2]. Focus has therefore been placed on the development of clay-based grouts that are compatible with masonry materials composed of raw earth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigation of the Structural Response of Adobe Buildings to Lateral Loading Before and After the Implementation of Compatible Grout Repairs

et al. 2019

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In the framework of this study, a 1:2 scaled replica of a traditional single-storey adobe building was constructed and tested at the laboratories of the University of Cyprus. The main objectives of the experimental program were to evaluate the structural performance of adobe buildings under horizontal loads (simulating seismic action) and to investigate the effectiveness of cracking repair by means of injection with a compatible grout. The model was initially subjected to a series of monotonic static lateral loading cycles that led to the development of extensive cracking damage and to significant reduction of the load-bearing capacity and overall stiffness. A compatible clay-based grout was then developed using the same soil as the one composing the model's adobes. This material was injected into the cracked sections of the masonry and the repaired model was re-tested. The clay-based grout successfully restored structural continuity, precluding the reopening of injected cracks during subsequent loading cycles. The recorded load-deformation response revealed that the grout repair reinstated the original stiffness of the structure and recovered more than 90% of the initial lateral strength. The results indicate that clay-based grouts can be used for re-establishing the stability of adobe constructions under static loads.

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Overview of the Pathology, Repair and Strengthening of Adobe Structures

Cited by 46 publications

References 22 publications

A controlled field experiment to investigate the deterioration of earthen heritage by wind and rain

A controlled field experiment to investigate the deterioration of earthen heritage by wind and rain

Experimental Studies on Earthen Architecture Sites Consolidated with BS Materials in Arid Regions

Experimental Investigation of the Structural Response of Adobe Buildings to Lateral Loading Before and After the Implementation of Compatible Grout Repairs

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