Overview of the Preparation, Use and Biological Studies on Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate (PGPR)

Wilson, Robert H.; Schie, B.J. van; Howes, D.

doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(98)00057-x

Cited by 141 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…PGPR is a polymeric hydrophilic emulsifier with an hydrophiliclipophilic balance (HLB) value of 1.5 ± 0.5 and was used here to stabilize the miniemulsion by preventing the coalescence of the nanodroplets through steric repulsion. [29] The quality of the nanocapsules prepared was evaluated by DLS. The quality was defined by three parameters: the average diameter ( ) D of the swollen nanocapsule, the broadness of the size distribution and the reproducibility or batch-to-batch variation (R) defined as…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large‐Scale Preparation of Polymer Nanocarriers by High‐Pressure Microfluidization

Alkanawati

Wurm

Thérien-Aubin

et al. 2017

Macro Materials & Eng

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by dispersion, suspension emulsion, or miniemulsion polymerization, while the preparation of polymer nanocarriers made from preformed polymers usually occurs by coacervation methods such as salting out, [13] emulsification-diffusion, [14] nanoprecipitation, and supercritical fluid technology. [15,16] Among those different preparation techniques, miniemulsion is particularly attractive due to its ability to prepare nanocarriers from either mono mer or polymer while allowing for the efficient loading of large doses of therapeutic agents, which can be lipophilic and/or hydrophilic compounds. [17] Furthermore, miniemulsion provides the opportunity to finely tune particle size distribution while preparing emulsion with high solid content of polymers. [18][19][20] The crosslinking of polymer-containing nanodroplets formed by miniemulsion is a particularly attractive method to produce nanocarriers (Figure 1). Hollow nanocapsules can be prepared by a polyaddition or polycondensation reaction occurring at the droplets interface. [21] In order to prepare nanocarriers, the polymer is dissolved in a good solvent and emulsified with an immiscible nonsolvent forming the continuous phase. After the emulsification, a crosslinking agent, soluble in the continuous phase, is added to the emulsion and the poly addition or polycondensation reaction between the polymer and crosslinking agent occurs at the surface of the droplet. When the reaction kinetic is fast enough, a shell insoluble in both phases can be formed at the interface. [22] To control the size and size distribution of the nanocapsules prepared by the polyaddition/polycondensation reaction at the droplet interface, it is critical to control the preparation of the miniemulsion used as a precursor. The two main factors leading to the broadening of the size distribution of the nanodroplets during miniemulsion are (i) Ostwald ripening and (ii) coalescence of the droplets occurring through collision. The coalescence could be controlled by the addition of an appropriate surfactant, which provides electrostatic or steric stabilization thus preventing droplet coalescence. Ostwald ripening is affected by multiple factors such as droplet size, Laplace pressure, polydispersity, and solubility of the dispersed phase in the continuous phase. In general, Ostwald ripening could be limited by the addition of compounds increasing the osmotic pressure in the system. These chemicals need to be highly insoluble in the continuous phase but completely soluble in the Nanocapsules Polymer nanocarriers are used as transport modules in the design of the next generation of drug delivery technology. However, the applicability of nanocarrier-based technology depends strongly on our ability to precisely control and reproduce their synthesis on a large scale because their properties and performances are strongly dependent on their size and shape. Fundamental studies and practical applications of polymer nanocarriers are hampered by the difficulty of using the current methods to produce monodispersed ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large‐Scale Preparation of Polymer Nanocarriers by High‐Pressure Microfluidization

Alkanawati

Wurm

Thérien-Aubin

et al. 2017

Macro Materials & Eng

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“…The PGPR and TGPR were used as the hydrophobic emulsifiers due to their excellent water-binding capacity. 36) For all the concentrations of PGPR tested, no phase separation into discrete oil and water phases was observed except formulation P1. In case of TGPR, lower concentrations showed phase separation (formulations T1-T5), while at higher concentrations (formulations T6-T9), no phase separation was observed.…”

Section: Effect Of Hydrophobic Emulsifiers On Phase Separation Of Primentioning

confidence: 91%

Fabrication, Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Doxorubicin-Loaded Water-in-Oil-in-Water Microemulsions Using a Membrane Emulsification Technique

Pradhan

Kim

Jeong

et al. 2014

CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN

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Doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) microemulsions were produced using a shirasu-porous-glass (SPG) membrane emulsification technique. Soybean oil was used as the oil phase; polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) or tetraglycerol polyricinoleate (TGPR) was used as the surfactant to stabilize the feed W/O emulsions, while Tween 20 was used in the external water phase to stabilize oil droplets containing water droplets. Increasing the feed pressure from 50 to 90 kPa increased the particle size of W/O/W emulsions, whereas it was decreased by increasing the agitator speed. The smallest particle sizes of multiple emulsions were obtained at the feed pressure of 50 kPa and agitator speed of 350 rpm. Under this set of conditions, the increase in the concentration of PGPR or TGPR showed a decrease in the particle size of DOX-loaded W/O/W emulsions. The optimized formulation comprising of 5% w/v PGPR and 3% w/v Tween 20 in the oil phase and external water phase, respectively, with 0.5% w/v of DOX had a particle size of 0.440 0.007 µm and polydispersity index of 0.220 0.087, which was supported by the transmission electron microscopy image. The formulations showed a sustained release profile in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4). The plasma concentrations of DOX after intravenous administration to rats were prolonged and gave approximately 17-fold higher area under the drug concentration-time curve (AUC) compared to free DOX solution. Thus, these results demonstrated that the SPG membrane emulsification technique could be used as a promising technique to prepare W/O/W microemulsions for delivering DOX with sustained release characteristics and better bioavailability.Key words microemulsion; shirasu-porous-glass; doxorubicin; sustained release; pharmacokinetics Over the past two decades, an increasing interest has been devoted to multiple emulsions due to their multiple compartment structure and an immense capability of encapsulating hydrophilic drug substances for sustained released characteristics. [1][2][3][4] The potential application of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple emulsion is not only limited to pharmaceuticals but also in the field of cosmetics and food industry. In cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, W/O/W emulsions have been used for controlled release and targeted delivery of drugs. [5][6][7][8] Food applications include the encapsulation of vitamin/minerals, 9,10) and the production of low-calorie foods. 11) W/O/W emulsions are usually created using conventional homogenization technology in a two-step procedure. 12) First, a primary water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion is prepared by homogenizing an oil phase and an aqueous phase together in the presence of a suitable oil-soluble emulsifier (low hydrophilic to lipophilic balance (HLB)<10). Second, W/O/W emulsion is prepared by homogenizing W/O emulsion with another aqueous phase in the presence of a suitable water-soluble emulsifier (high HLB>10). 1) However, the second step often results in high polydispersity or low encapsulation efficiency. Therefo...

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“…La síntesis de este emulsificante se realiza modificando el método empleado por Wilson et al 1998 [17] , mediante tres policondensaciones consecutivas, utilizando calentamiento por microondas en un horno Samsung, con un controlador de temperatura y una termocupla tipo J, con una variación de ± 1 °C. El horno presenta una potencia de 800 W y la utilizada fue de 100%.…”

Section: Síntesis Y Caracterización De Poliglicerol-poliricinoleato (unclassified

Síntesis de microcápsulas de poliurea a partir de aminas renovables, mediante doble emulsificación

Mazo

Ríos²,

Restrepo³

2011

Polímeros

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Resumen: En este trabajo se realizó la microencapsulación de un perfume comercial mediante una doble emulsificación, la coraza de poliurea fue sintetizada por la reacción de Lisina con dos diisocianatos comerciales, uno aromático y otro alifático. En la síntesis se evaluó el efecto que tiene la relación molar amina:diisocianato y el tipo de emulsificante. Se optimizó el tamaño de partícula utilizando un diseño factorial 3 2 y análisis de superficie de respuesta, las variables fueron: cantidad de alcohol polivinílico y la relación de fase dispersa a fase continua. Las microcápsulas se caracterizaron mediante: análisis de calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC), espectroscopía infrarroja (IR), microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) y tamaño medio de partícula. La doble emulsificación permite un mayor rendimiento de encapsulación del perfume, las micropartículas presentan un menor tamaño de partícula cuando: se emplea diisocianato aromático, un aumento de coloide protector (PVA) y una disminución de la fase dispersa. Palabras-claves: Microencapsulación, poliurea, lisina, poliglicerol poliricinoleato. Synthesis of Polyurea Microcapsules from Renewable Amines by Double EmulsificationAbstract: This paper reports on the microencapsulation of a commercial perfume by means of a double emulsification, where the polyurea shell was synthesized by the reaction of lysine with two commercial di-isocyanates (aromatic and aliphatic). In the synthesis the factors evaluated were the amine:di-isocyanate molar ratio and the type of emulsifier. The particle size was optimized using a 3 2 factorial design and response surface analysis, with the following variables: amount of polyvinyl alcohol and the relationship of the disperse phase to continuous phase. The microcapsules were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mean particle size. The double emulsification allows for a greater yield in the encapsulation of perfume. Furthermore, the microparticles have a smaller particle size when the aromatic di-isocyanate was used, also leading to an increase in the protective colloid (polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)) and reduction of the disperse phase.

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Overview of the Preparation, Use and Biological Studies on Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate (PGPR)

Cited by 141 publications

References 6 publications

Large‐Scale Preparation of Polymer Nanocarriers by High‐Pressure Microfluidization

Large‐Scale Preparation of Polymer Nanocarriers by High‐Pressure Microfluidization

Fabrication, Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Doxorubicin-Loaded Water-in-Oil-in-Water Microemulsions Using a Membrane Emulsification Technique

Síntesis de microcápsulas de poliurea a partir de aminas renovables, mediante doble emulsificación

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