Overview of theLeishmaniavirusendoribonuclease and functions of other endoribonucleases affecting viral gene expression

MacBeth, Kyle J.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(199809/10)282:1/2<254::aid-jez27>3.0.co;2-s

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 34 publications

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“…A specific cysteine protease (possibly a homolog of LmjF08.1040 according to our database search) has been implicated in the processing of the viral capsid-RDRP precursor (Carrion et al, 2003). On the other hand, the LRV capsid protein possesses an endoribonuclease that cleaves uncapped, non-polyadenylated, plus-strand, viral mRNA at a single site in the 5′-untranslated region, which was proposed to also cleave decapped, non-polyadenylated mRNAs belonging to the parasite (MacBeth and Patterson, 1995, 1998; Ro et al, 2004). …”

Section: New World Leishmaniasis and Leishmania Rna Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmania RNA virus: when the host pays the toll

Hartley

Ronet

Zangger

et al. 2012

Front. Cell. Inf. Microbio.

127

143

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The presence of an RNA virus in a South American subgenus of the Leishmania parasite, L. (Viannia), was detected several decades ago but its role in leishmanial virulence and metastasis was only recently described. In Leishmania guyanensis, the nucleic acid of Leishmania RNA virus (LRV1) acts as a potent innate immunogen, eliciting a hyper-inflammatory immune response through toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). The resultant inflammatory cascade has been shown to increase disease severity, parasite persistence, and perhaps even resistance to anti-leishmanial drugs. Curiously, LRVs were found mostly in clinical isolates prone to infectious metastasis in both their human source and experimental animal model, suggesting an association between the viral hyperpathogen and metastatic complications such as mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). MCL presents as chronic secondary lesions in the mucosa of the mouth and nose, debilitatingly inflamed and notoriously refractory to treatment. Immunologically, this outcome has many of the same hallmarks associated with the reaction to LRV: production of type 1 interferons, bias toward a chronic Th1 inflammatory state and an impaired ability of host cells to eliminate parasites through oxidative stress. More intriguing, is that the risk of developing MCL is found almost exclusively in infections of the L. (Viannia) subtype, further indication that leishmanial metastasis is caused, at least in part, by a parasitic component. LRV present in this subgenus may contribute to the destructive inflammation of metastatic disease either by acting in concert with other intrinsic “metastatic factors” or by independently preying on host TLR3 hypersensitivity. Because LRV amplifies parasite virulence, its presence may provide a unique target for diagnostic and clinical intervention of metastatic leishmaniasis. Taking examples from other members of the Totiviridae virus family, this paper reviews the benefits and costs of endosymbiosis, specifically for the maintenance of LRV infection in Leishmania parasites, which is often at the expense of its human host.

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Section: New World Leishmaniasis and Leishmania Rna Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmania RNA virus: when the host pays the toll

Hartley

Ronet

Zangger

et al. 2012

Front. Cell. Inf. Microbio.

127

143

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Leishmaniaviruses

Carrión

2008

Encyclopedia of Virology

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Antibodies Raised against Bcvir15, an Extrachromosomal Double-Stranded RNA-Encoded Protein fromBabesia canis, Inhibit the In Vitro Growth of the Parasite

Drakulovski¹,

Carcy²,

Moubri³

et al. 2003

Infect Immun

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As part of a search for homologous members of the Plasmodium falciparum Pf60 multigene family in the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite Babesia canis, we report here the characterization of a cDNA of 1,115 bp, which was designated Bcvir for its potential viral origin. The Bcvir cDNA contained two overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) (ORF1 from nucleotide [nt] 61 to 486 and ORF2 from nt 417 to 919), where Bcvir15, the deduced ORF1 peptide (M 1 to I 141 ), is the main expressed product. The Bcvir cDNA was derived from an extrachromosomal dsRNA element of 1.2 kbp that was always found associated with a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of 2.8 kbp by hybridization, and no copy of this cDNA sequence was found in B. canis genomic DNA. Biochemical characterization of Bcvir15, by using polyclonal rabbit sera directed against recombinant proteins, indicated that it is a soluble protein which remained associated with the cytoplasm of the B. canis merozoite. Interestingly, purified immunoglobulins from the anti-glutathione S-transferase-Bcvir15 (at a concentration of 160 g/ml) induced 50% inhibition of the in vitro growth of B. canis, and the inhibitory effect was associated with morphological damage of the parasite. Our data suggest that the extrachromosomal dsRNA-encoded Bcvir15 protein might interfere with the intracellular growth of the parasite rather than with the process of invasion of the host cell by the merozoite. Epitope mapping of Bcvir15 identified three epitopes that might be essential for the function of the protein.

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Overview of theLeishmaniavirusendoribonuclease and functions of other endoribonucleases affecting viral gene expression

Cited by 4 publications

References 34 publications

Leishmania RNA virus: when the host pays the toll

Leishmania RNA virus: when the host pays the toll

Leishmaniaviruses

Antibodies Raised against Bcvir15, an Extrachromosomal Double-Stranded RNA-Encoded Protein fromBabesia canis, Inhibit the In Vitro Growth of the Parasite

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