Overview on Molecular Biomarkers for Laryngeal Cancer: Looking for New Answers to an Old Problem

Abstract

Laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LSCC) accounts for almost 25–30% of all head and neck squamous cell cancers and is clustered according to the affected districts, as this determines distinct tendency to recur and metastasize. A major role for numerous genetic alterations in driving the onset and progression of this neoplasm is emerging. However, major efforts are still required for the identification of molecular markers useful for both early diagnosis and prognostic definition of LSCC that is still characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. Non-coding RNAs appear the most promising as they circulate in all the biological fluids allowing liquid biopsy determination, as well as due to their quick and characteristic modulation useful for non-invasive detection and monitoring of cancer. Other critical aspects are related to recent progress in circulating tumor cells and DNA detection, in metastatic status and chemo-refractoriness prediction, and in the functional interaction of LSCC with chronic inflammation and innate immunity. We review all these aspects taking into account the progress of the technologies in the field of next generation sequencing.

IGF2BP3 Regulates TMA7-mediated Autophagy and Cisplatin Resistance in Laryngeal Cancer via m6A RNA Methylation

“…LSCC is the most common head and neck malignancy, and advanced-stage patients have a poor prognosis 35 . A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism in LSCC is vital to finding new therapeutic strategies.…”

p53 and PTEN expression evaluation with molecular evident recent criteria in laryngeal carcinoma

“…They are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and therefore their prognosis is not very promising. [19,20] In order to predict the prognosis and clinical course of the patient in laryngeal carcinomas, many protein-expression studies are carried out, and no marker is currently in routine practice. [7][8][9] The earliest and most common mutation in SCCs is the p53 gene mutation.…”

“…[32][33][34][35] As in many cancers, a decrease in PTEN expression has been shown in laryngeal cancer, mainly due to mutation or deletion in the PTEN gene. [19] According to TCGA data, PTEN mutation in laryngeal carcinoma was reported at a rate of 3.6%. [25] PTEN IHC evaluation in laryngeal cancers has been performed with very different algorithms.…”

The complexity of human papilloma virus in cancers: a narrative review

“…In terms of incidence and prevalence, laryngeal cancer ranks 18th and 22nd in the world, respectively. One-third of all head and neck cancers are caused by laryngeal cancer [ 123 , 124 ]. Although different types of this cancer such as adenocarcinomas, sarcomas, lymphoma, neuroendocrine and squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) have been reported, but LSCCs are the most common type of this cancer [ 125 , 126 ].…”