Overview on the intercalation reactions of lithium alloys into graphite

Eméry, N.; Hérold, Claire; Lagrange, Philippe

doi:10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2008.07.002

Cited by 17 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…On the basis of the slope k and intercept b derived from the figure, together with the average particle diameters R 0 given in Table 3, D in the three carbon materials were calculated according to Equ. (5). As shown in Table 3, the Li þ diffusion coefficients in PC-1 and PC-2 are calculated to be 1.66 Â 10 À8 and 7.55 Â 10 À8 cm 2 s À1 .…”

Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 91%

“…Graphitic carbons are widely used as anode materials of LIB because of their low stable discharge voltage platform and good cycling ability. However, either the lithium-storage capacity (theoretical value 372 mAh g À1 ) or the rate capability is not high enough to meet the demand of electric devices [4,5]. Hydrogencontaining carbons show good capacity but suffer from large hysteresis between charge and discharge [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study of nano-porous hard carbons as anode materials for lithium ion batteries

Yang

Zhou

et al. 2012

Materials Chemistry and Physics

119

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Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of nano-porous hard carbons as anode materials for lithium ion batteries

Yang

Zhou

et al. 2012

Materials Chemistry and Physics

119

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“…The β phase, with Li 3.1 Ca 2.1 C 6 composition, was discovered superconducting with T c = 11.15 K. 25,26 Phase β has a Li-Ca-Li-Li-Li-Ca-Li stacking, whereas phase α (with Li 0.4 Ca 2.7 C 6 composition) has a Li-Ca-Li-Ca-Li stacking and is not superconducting. 27 Unlike CaC 6 , to our knowledge, no information about the electronic and spectroscopic properties of phase β has been reported yet. Structural information about the Li-bearing phases can also be extracted from the spectra since XANES is very sensitive to the geometrical arrangement around the absorbing atom upon a medium-range scale (up to 7-8Å around the absorbing atom).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…This liquid-solid synthesis method is described in Ref. 27. The known information about the crystallographic structure of the three compounds under study (phase α, phase β, and CaC 6 ) was gathered in Ref.…”

Section: A Samples and X-ray Absorption Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nature of empty states in superconducting CaC6and related Li-Ca ternary graphite intercalation compounds using polarized x-ray absorption near-edge structure at the CaKedge

et al. 2013

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The angular dependence of the x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) was recorded at the calcium K edge in three graphite intercalated compounds: CaC 6 , Li 3.1 Ca 2.1 C 6 (phase β), and Li 0.4 Ca 2.7 C 6 (phase α). The polarized XANES spectra provide experimental pictures of the Ca p x,y and p z empty states of these three materials. In the case of CaC 6 , first-principles calculations based on density functional theory were performed, including XANES modeling and projected density-of-state simulations. A good agreement is obtained between theoretical and experimental polarized spectra. This enables us to assign the main XANES peaks in terms of orbital hybridization. The thorough analysis of the CaC 6 polarized XANES spectra is used to interpret the spectral differences observed between the three compounds. The absence of pre-edge for all these phases indicates that Ca atoms are in locally centrosymmetric sites. The presence of Li in the graphitic interlayer drastically reduces the anisotropy of the Ca p empty states, as compared to CaC 6 . Structural and electronic information is extracted from the spectra of the α and β phases, leading to substantial results, in absence of fully determined crystallographic structures.

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“…GICs has been investigated, mainly using the lithium-based molten alloy method [23,24]. In this solid-liquid way of synthesis, the alkali metal, lithium in this case, plays the role of an intercalation vector for electropositive metals such as calcium, barium or europium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LiCl-KCl eutectic molten salt as an original and efficient medium to intercalate metals into graphite: Case of europium

Bolmont

Cahen

Fauchard

et al. 2018

Carbon

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We present the successful intercalation of europium into graphite by using an original method based on LiCl-KCl molten salts mixture. After solubilization of europium in the liquid chlorides mixture at 450 °C, reactivity toward graphite is investigated. We evidence the formation of the first stage EuC6 Graphite Intercalation Compound (GIC) with a repeat distance Ic = 487 pm.Using 00l X-ray diffraction and ion beam analysis, we show that europium is intercalated into the bulk with remarkable degree of homogeneity. This is also confirmed by magnetic measurements that clearly put in evidence the antiferromagnetic transition at about TN = 40 K.Below such temperature the characteristic step-like behavior of metamagnetic transitions was found by isothermal magnetization measurements, that is generally visible only in highly pure samples.

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Overview on the intercalation reactions of lithium alloys into graphite

Cited by 17 publications

References 38 publications

Study of nano-porous hard carbons as anode materials for lithium ion batteries

Study of nano-porous hard carbons as anode materials for lithium ion batteries

Nature of empty states in superconducting CaC6and related Li-Ca ternary graphite intercalation compounds using polarized x-ray absorption near-edge structure at the CaKedge

LiCl-KCl eutectic molten salt as an original and efficient medium to intercalate metals into graphite: Case of europium

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