Overview on the practical methods of ballast water treatment

Ecological impacts of ballast water loading and discharge: insight into the toxicity and accumulation of disinfection by-products

“…Many onboard treatment technologies are applied for BWM ( Werschkun et al., 2014 ; Apetroaei et al., 2018 ). As previously mentioned, the most used technologies include chlorination, electrochemical, oxidation, and ozonation treatments ( Summerson et al., 2019 ).…”

“…Before regulations and advanced treatment for DBP-related compounds can be established, research on the ecological aspect of ballast water release in receiving ports is necessary to provide clear evidence of the discussed topic ( Werschkun et al., 2012 ; Apetroaei et al., 2018 ; Hess-Erga et al., 2019 ). Research is suggested to focus on the changing biodiversity around port areas, the effect of the existence of nonindigenous organisms introduced through ballast water release, changes in the water and sediment characteristics in port areas, and possible remediation of contaminated areas.…”

“…Ballast water is a mandatory part of ships to provide stability and maneuverability during journey ( Apetroaei et al., 2018 ). Ballast water is commonly stored in a ballast tank when the cargo hold is empty or not fully filled or additional stability is needed to sail a rough sea ( ClearSeas, 2017 ).…”

“…When the ship reaches its destination to load cargo up, the ballast water is then discharged ( Carney et al., 2017 ). The discharge of ballast water is one issue that raises several concerns related to environmental impacts ( Apetroaei et al., 2018 ; Hess-Erga et al., 2019 ; Zhu et al., 2020 ). Depending on the size of the cargo ship, the amount of transported ballast water in a cargo ship ranges from 1,500 m 3 to >5,000 m 3 ( Bielski et al., 2018 ).…”

“…Introduction of foreign species carried in the ballast water into the receiving port area is the main issue in this particular topic ( Apetroaei et al., 2018 ). Saburova et al.…”