Oxidation of Steroids by Microorganisms. IV. 16α-Hydroxylation of 9α-Fluorohydrocortisone and 9α-Fluoroprednisolone by Streptomyces roseochromogenus

Thoma, R. W.; Fried, Josef; Bonanno, Salvatore; Grabowich, Paul

doi:10.1021/ja01574a070

Cited by 53 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The application of Zaffaroni-type systems to triaxpcinolone and related 16a-hydroxylated steroids has been described (4). The fortuitous similarity of papergram mobilities in several Bush-type systems of these two steroids is illustrated in Table I with systems I11 and IV. Using the six systems described in descending chromatography i t is possible to separate many derivatives of triamcinolone and many intermediates involved in the several reported syntheses (6,7). I n our hands modified Hush-type systems have been found to be more versatile in the complex separations involved in the production and analysis of triamcinolone than have the Zaffaroni-type systems.…”

Section: Paper Chromatography Qualitativementioning

confidence: 93%

16α-Hydroxy Steroids II

Smith¹,

Foell²,

Maio³

et al. 1959

Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Scientific

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Section: Paper Chromatography Qualitativementioning

confidence: 93%

16α-Hydroxy Steroids II

Smith¹,

Foell²,

Maio³

et al. 1959

Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Scientific

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“…Very recently Bracco et al showed that this enzyme can also hydroxylate five other steroids (pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, ⌬ 4 -androstene-3,17-dione, and nandrolone) at the 16␣ position of the D ring (22). It is also noteworthy that in 1957, Streptomyces roseochromogenus was reported to hydroxylate two steroids (9␣-fluorohydrocortisone and 9␣-fluoroprednisolone) at the 16␣ position of the D ring (23), suggesting that S. roseochromogenus has a P450 that catalyzes a reaction similar to that of CYP154C5 of N. francinica. In fact, Berrie et al purified and characterized this P450 enzyme (24).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Regio- and Stereospecific Hydroxylation of Various Steroids at the 16α Position of the D Ring by the Streptomyces griseus Cytochrome P450 CYP154C3

Makino

Katsuyama

Otomatsu³

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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c Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), which constitute a superfamily of heme-containing proteins, catalyze the direct oxidation of a variety of compounds in a regio-and stereospecific manner; therefore, they are promising catalysts for use in the oxyfunctionalization of chemicals. In the course of our comprehensive substrate screening for all 27 putative P450s encoded by the Streptomyces griseus genome, we found that Escherichia coli cells producing an S. griseus P450 (CYP154C3), which was fused C terminally with the P450 reductase domain (RED) of a self-sufficient P450 from Rhodococcus sp., could transform various steroids (testosterone, progesterone, ⌬ 4 -androstene-3,17-dione, adrenosterone, 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione, dehydroepiandrosterone, 4-pregnane-3,11,20-trione, and deoxycorticosterone) into their 16␣-hydroxy derivatives as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry analyses. The purified CYP154C3, which was not fused with RED, also catalyzed the regio-and stereospecific hydroxylation of these steroids at the same position with the aid of ferredoxin and ferredoxin reductase from spinach. The apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (K d ) values of the binding between CYP154C3 and these steroids were less than 8 M as determined by the heme spectral change, indicating that CYP154C3 strongly binds to these steroids. Furthermore, kinetic parameters of the CYP154C3-catalyzed hydroxylation of ⌬ 4 -androstene-3,17-dione were determined (K m , 31.9 ؎ 9.1 M; k cat , 181 ؎ 4.5 s ؊1 ). We concluded that CYP154C3 is a steroid D-ring 16␣-specific hydroxylase which has considerable potential for industrial applications. This is the first detailed enzymatic characterization of a P450 enzyme that has a steroid D-ring 16␣-specific hydroxylation activity. C ytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s or CYPs) are found in all three domains of life, i.e., archaea, bacteria, and eukarya, and are classified into more than 1,000 families by their amino acid sequence homology (1). They have the ability to hydroxylate inactive carbons of hydrocarbons or aromatic compounds regioand stereospecifically (2, 3). In animals, P450s are mainly involved in xenobiotic metabolism and steroid biosynthesis (4, 5). In plants, many P450s are involved in the biosynthesis of plant hormones and secondary metabolites (6). In contrast, the functions of bacterial P450s are largely unknown, although some bacterial P450s are required for secondary metabolite biosynthesis and assimilation of terpenoids, such as cineol or terpineol (7-10). In spite of their unknown physiological functions, however, bacterial P450s have attracted much attention as a rich resource for new biocatalysts for use in the oxyfunctionalization of chemicals (11, 12). For example, microbial conversion of steroid precursors is widely used for large-scale synthesis of steroid drugs (13-17).CYP154 family members are widely found in actinomycetes, and many putative CYP154 genes have been found in the genomes of Streptomyces species. The structu...

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“…Selective hydroxylation of the double bond at position 16 with osmium tetroxide in pyridinebenzene gives compound 127. The 9,11-double bond of this compound is converted to a 9α-fluoro-11β-hydroxyl group (128) by the method described for 9α-fluorocortisol (123) The 16α-hydroxyl group can also be introduced directly into 9α-fluoroprednisolone (124) by using a microbiological method originally developed by Squibb [253,254]. Triamcinolone 16α,17α-acetonide (130) is prepared by stirring a suspension of triamcinolone (129) in acetone in the presence of catalytic amounts of perchloric acid at approximately 20…”

Section: -Hydroxycorticosteroidsmentioning

confidence: 99%