Oxidation of sulfhydryl groups by monochloramine

Jacangelo, Joseph G.; Olivieri, Vincent P.; Kawata, Kazuyoshi

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(87)90007-8

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Trichloramine may be reduced by the sulfhydryl group located on the surface of the activated carbon particles, because the sulfhydryl group is known to act as a soft base (Ho 1975) as well as a reductant. The fact that hypochlorous acid (Pereira et al 1973) and monochloramine (Jacangelo et al 1987) have been reported to easily react with and to be oxidized by the sulfhydryl group in cysteine supports our hypothesis. To test the hypothesis, the sulfur content of the activated carbon was measured with an elemental analyzer, but no correlation was observed between the surface decomposition rate constant and the sulfur content (r 2 = 0.13).…”

Section: Effects Of Carbon Characteristics On Trichloramine Removalsupporting

confidence: 75%

Mechanisms of trichloramine removal with activated carbon: Stoichiometric analysis with isotopically labeled trichloramine and theoretical analysis with a diffusion-reaction model

et al. 2015

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Section: Effects Of Carbon Characteristics On Trichloramine Removalsupporting

confidence: 75%

Mechanisms of trichloramine removal with activated carbon: Stoichiometric analysis with isotopically labeled trichloramine and theoretical analysis with a diffusion-reaction model

et al. 2015

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“…The presence of a lag phase during monochloramine disinfection is not surprising based on its proposed disinfection mechanism from studies involving Escherichia coli B (17)(18)(19). In these studies, monochloramine reacted rapidly with only four amino acids (cysteine, cystine, methionine, and tryptophan) and very slowly with DNA and RNA and did not severely damage the cell envelope of E. coli B.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monochloramine Disinfection Kinetics of Nitrosomonas europaea by Propidium Monoazide Quantitative PCR and Live/Dead BacLight Methods

Wahman

Wulfeck-Kleier

Pressman

2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Monochloramine disinfection kinetics were determined for the pure-culture ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea (ATCC 19718) by two culture-independent methods, namely, Live/Dead BacLight (LD) and propidium monoazide quantitative PCR (PMA-qPCR). Both methods were first verified with mixtures of heat-killed (nonviable) and non-heat-killed (viable) cells before a series of batch disinfection experiments with stationary-phase cultures (batch grown for 7 days) at pH 8.0, 25°C, and 5, 10, and 20 mg Cl 2 /liter monochloramine. Two data sets were generated based on the viability method used, either (i) LD or (ii) PMA-qPCR. These two data sets were used to estimate kinetic parameters for the delayed Chick-Watson disinfection model through a Bayesian analysis implemented in WinBUGS. This analysis provided parameter estimates of 490 mg Cl 2 -min/liter for the lag coefficient (b) and 1.6 ؋ 10 ؊3 to 4.0 ؋ 10 ؊3 liter/mg Cl 2 -min for the Chick-Watson disinfection rate constant (k). While estimates of b were similar for both data sets, the LD data set resulted in a greater k estimate than that obtained with the PMA-qPCR data set, implying that the PMA-qPCR viability measure was more conservative than LD. For N. europaea, the lag phase was not previously reported for culture-independent methods and may have implications for nitrification in drinking water distribution systems. This is the first published application of a PMA-qPCR method for disinfection kinetic model parameter estimation as well as its application to N. europaea or monochloramine. Ultimately, this PMA-qPCR method will allow evaluation of monochloramine disinfection kinetics for mixed-culture bacteria in drinking water distribution systems.As a result of stage 1 and stage 2 disinfectant and disinfection by-product rules, chloramination for secondary disinfection in the United States is predicted to increase to 57% of all surface and 7% of all groundwater treatment systems (49). A recent survey reported that 30% of the respondents currently chloraminate to maintain distribution system residual, and other recent surveys suggest that between 8 and 12% of drinking water utilities are contemplating a future switch to chloramination (3, 43).Although chloramines are considered weaker disinfectants than chlorine for suspended bacteria, chloramines are perceived as more effective disinfectants for a biofilm (25, 53). As a result of their lower reactivity, chloramines are believed to penetrate a biofilm further and thereby to more effectively disinfect biofilm bacteria with depth than chlorine (53).Chloramination comes with the risk of distribution system nitrification (2, 21, 22). Based on utility surveys, 30 to 63% of utilities practicing chloramination for secondary disinfection experience nitrification episodes (3,21,43,54). Nitrification in drinking water distribution systems is undesirable and may result in water quality degradation (e.g., disinfectant depletion, coliform occurrences, or nitrite/nitrate formation) and subsequent noncompliance with exis...

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“…Although the biocidal action of MCA is well documented (Berman et al, 1988;LeChevallier et al, 1988;Kouame & Haas, 1991;Hermanowicz & Lage-Filho, 1992), there are only a few reports on its disinfecting action on biofilm bacteria. The mode of action was reported by Jacangelo et al (1987); MCA reacts with sulfhydryl groups, the active sites of most enzymes, and causes the cessation of enzymatic activity. MCA cannot simply act as an oxidant in the same way as HOC1 (or HOBr) in reaction because of the need for a transfer of oxygen (Bousher et al, 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Biocidal efficacy of monochloramine against biofilm bacteria

1998

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Ammonia is one of the major metabolic products of the macrofouling communities which normally colonize the seawater intake systems of coastal power plants. Ammonia reacts with chlorine (used for biofouling control), resulting in the formation of chloramines. At the pH of seawater, the formation of monochloramine (MCA) will be significant. Biofilms (48 h old, 28.5 µm (± 5.4 µm) thick) developed on glass and aluminum brass coupons were exposed to the biocides MCA and free chlorine (FC). Biofilm thickness was measured and biofilm bacterial counts (by epifluorescence microscopy, and also for culturable bacteria by plating on to marine Zobel agar) were made after 15, 30, 45 and 60 min of contact time. The biocidal efficiency of MCA was compared with that of FC at similar doses (1, 2 and 3 ppm) after the same contact times. On glass, the biofilm thickness decreased by 90% (compared to the control) in the case of MCA at 3 ppm after 60 min exposure and the corresponding cell detachment was found to be 94%. With FC the thickness also decreased by 90% but cell detachment was 100%. The study demonstrates that MCA and FC show similar biocidal activity in disinfecting biofilms, and that MCA formed in situ in the cooling circuit could be as significant as FC.

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Oxidation of sulfhydryl groups by monochloramine

Cited by 23 publications

References 12 publications

Mechanisms of trichloramine removal with activated carbon: Stoichiometric analysis with isotopically labeled trichloramine and theoretical analysis with a diffusion-reaction model

Mechanisms of trichloramine removal with activated carbon: Stoichiometric analysis with isotopically labeled trichloramine and theoretical analysis with a diffusion-reaction model

Monochloramine Disinfection Kinetics of Nitrosomonas europaea by Propidium Monoazide Quantitative PCR and Live/Dead BacLight Methods

Biocidal efficacy of monochloramine against biofilm bacteria

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