Introduction In Malaysia, there are currently 53 refineries processing crude palm oil CPO , a majority of which produce refined bleached and deodorized olein rbdPOo which contains Vitamin E but does not contain carotenoids 1. The carotenoids in rbdPOo are mostly destroyed during the bleaching stage of the refining process. The rbdPOo is a yellow, light-colored oil. There are only two producers of refined red palm olein in Malaysia, produced by different refining technologies and marketed under two different brand names these are Carotino and Nutrolein. Currently, only Carotino red palm olein is available at the hypermarket and supermarket in Malaysia. Red palm olein RPOo , although marketed as cooking oil, is unlike rbdPOo. It is a specialty nutritious edible oil containing important phytonutrients that are maintained at high levels, e.g. Vitamin E, carotenoids, sterols, and ubiquinone as compared to rbdPOo 2. The color of this oil is a deep red due to the presence of a high concentration of carotenoids. The technology for production of the RPOo used in this study was developed in the Malaysian Palm Oil