Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Plants Exposed to Metal/Metalloid Toxicity

Ali, Muhammad Arif; Fahad, Shah; Haider, Idrees; Ahmed, Niaz; Ahmad, Shakeel; Hussain, Sajjad; Arshad, Muhammad

doi:10.1002/9781119468677.ch15

Cited by 43 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…The main non-enzymatic antioxidants are ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH), which participate as enzyme cofactors, which are precursors of other molecules and ROS sequesters (You and Chan, 2015). Flavonoids and carotenoids are also important non-enzymatic antioxidants (Ali et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of mechanisms involved in tolerance and accumulation of Cd in Biscutella auriculata L

Peco

Campos

Romero‐Puertas

et al. 2020

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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Biscutella auriculata L. is one of the rare species that is able to grow in a very contaminated mining area in Villamayor de Calatrava (Ciudad Real, Spain). In an effort to understand the mechanisms involved in the tolerance of this plant to high metal concentrations, we grew B. auriculata in the presence of 125 μM Cd(NO3)2 for 15 days and analysed different parameters associated with plant growth, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species metabolism, metal uptake and translocation, photosynthesis rate and biothiol (glutathione and phytochelatins) content. Treatment with Cd led to growth inhibition in both the leaves and the roots, as well as a reduction of photosynthetic parameters, transpiration and stomatal conductance. The metal was mainly accumulated in the roots and in the vascular tissue, although most Cd was detected in areas surrounding their epidermal cells, while in the leaves the metal accumulated mainly in spongy mesophyll, stomata and trichrome. Based on the Cd bioaccumulation (5.93) and translocation (0.15) factors, this species denoted enrichment of the metal in the roots and its low translocation to the upper tissues. Biothiol analysis showed a Cd-dependent increase of reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as the phytochelatins (PC2 and PC3) in both roots and leaves. Cd-promoted oxidative damage occurred mainly in the leaves due to disturbances in enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, while the roots did not show significant damage as a result of induction of antioxidant defences. It can be concluded that B. auriculata is a new Cd-tolerant plant with an ability to activate efficient metal-sequestering mechanisms in the root surface and leaves and to induce PCs, as well as antioxidative defences in roots.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of mechanisms involved in tolerance and accumulation of Cd in Biscutella auriculata L

Peco

Campos

Romero‐Puertas

et al. 2020

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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“…Copper is an essential heavy metal, as well as iron and zinc and others, since it is required for the functioning of several proteins and enzymes such as plastocyanin, cytochrome c oxidase, laccase, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, and several other oxidases and dehydrogenases [1,2]. However, these essential heavy metals in excess produce an oxidative stress condition that oxidizes biological macromolecules such as proteins, fatty acids, and nucleic acids [1,2]. On the other hand, there are non-essential heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, mercury, silver, and arsenic that are not required for protein or enzyme function and these metals are toxic even in very low amounts.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Copper Tolerance In Plants and Marine Macroalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Copper Tolerance, Accumulation, and Detoxification in the Marine Macroalga Ulva compressa (Chlorophyta): 20 Years of Research

Moenne

Gómez

Laporte

et al. 2020

Plants

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Copper induces an oxidative stress condition in the marine alga Ulva compressa that is due to the production of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide, mainly in organelles. The increase in hydrogen peroxide is accompanied by increases in intracellular calcium and nitric oxide, and there is a crosstalk among these signals. The increase in intracellular calcium activates signaling pathways involving Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinases (CaMKs) and Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPKs), leading to activation of gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and enzymes involved in ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) synthesis. It was recently shown that copper also activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) that participate in the increase in the expression of antioxidant enzymes. The increase in gene expression leads to enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes and to enhanced levels of ASC and GSH. In addition, copper induces an increase in photosynthesis leading to an increase in the leve of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH). Copper also induces an increase in activities of enzymes involved in C, N, and S assimilation, allowing the replacement of proteins damaged by oxidative stress. The accumulation of copper in acute exposure involved increases in GSH, phytochelatins (PCs), and metallothioneins (MTs) whereas the accumulation of copper in chronic exposure involved only MTs. Acute and chronic copper exposure induced the accumulation of copper-containing particles in chloroplasts. On the other hand, copper is extruded from the alga with an equimolar amount of GSH. Thus, the increases in activities of antioxidant enzymes, in ASC, GSH, and NADPH levels, and in C, N, and S assimilation, the accumulation of copper-containing particles in chloroplasts, and the extrusion of copper ions from the alga constitute essential mechanisms that participate in the buffering of copper-induced oxidative stress in U. compressa.

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“…In addition, cadmium is an essential heavy metal for marine phytoplankton since it is required for the function of carbonic anhydrase (Xu and Morel, 2013). In particular, copper is an essential cofactor of several proteins and enzymes such as platocyanin, citochrome c oxidase, laccase, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and several other oxidases and dehydrogenases (Yadav, 2010;Ali et al, 2019). However, copper in excess induces oxidative stress due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can oxidize biological macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and sugars resulting harmful for cells (Yadav, 2010;Ali et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, copper is an essential cofactor of several proteins and enzymes such as platocyanin, citochrome c oxidase, laccase, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and several other oxidases and dehydrogenases (Yadav, 2010;Ali et al, 2019). However, copper in excess induces oxidative stress due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can oxidize biological macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and sugars resulting harmful for cells (Yadav, 2010;Ali et al, 2019). Some heavy metals are not required for the function of proteins and enzymes and they are designated as non-essential heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, mercury, silver and others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Essential and non-essential heavy metals can induce oxidative stress due to the synthesis of ROS such as superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide in plants (Yadav, 2010;Ali et al, 2019). The increase in ROS can be mitigated by the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), that dismutate superoxide anions to hydrogen peroxide, and catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (AP), glutathione peroxidase (GP) and peroxiredoxin (PRX) that reduce hydrogen peroxide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Copper-Induced Activation of MAPKs, CDPKs and CaMKs Triggers Activation of Hexokinase and Inhibition of Pyruvate Kinase Leading to Increased Synthesis of ASC, GSH and NADPH in Ulva compressa

2020

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In order to analyze whether copper induces activation of CaMK, CDPK and/or MAPK signaling pathways leading to carbon flux reprogramming and to the synthesis of ascorbate (ASC), glutathione (GSH) and NADPH in order to buffer copper-induced oxidative stress, U. compressa was initially cultivated with 10 µM copper for 0 to 10 days. The activities of hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK), L-galactone 1,4 lactone dehydrogenase (L-GLDH) and glucose 6-P dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were analyzed. HK activity was increased whereas PK was inhibited, and L-GLDH and G6PDH activities were increased indicating a copper-induced modulation of glycolysis leading to carbon flux reprogramming. Then, the alga was cultivated with an inhibitor of CaMs and CaMKs, CDPKs and MAPKs, and with 10 µM of copper for 5 days and the activities of HK, PK, L-GLDH, G6PDH and glutathione synthase (GS), the levels of ASC/DHA, GSG/GSSG and NADPH/NADP, the levels of superoxide anions (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) and the integrity of plasma membrane were determined. The activation of HK was dependent on MAPKs, the inhibition of PK on CDPKs/MAPKs, the activation of L-GLDH on MAPKs, the activation GS on CDPKs/MAPKs, and the activation of G6PDH on MAPKs. Increases in the level of ASC/DHA were dependent on activation of CaMKs/CDPKs/MAPKs, those of GSG/GSSG on MAPKs and those NADPH/NADP on CaMKs/CDPKs/MAPKs. The accumulation of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide and the integrity of plasma membrane were dependent on CaMKs/CDPKs/MAPKs. Thus, copper induced the activation of MAPKs, CDPKs and CaMKs leading to the modulation of glycolysis and carbon flux reprogramming which trigger an increase in ASC, GSH and NADPH syntheses and the activation of antioxidant enzymes in order to buffer copper-induced oxidative stress in U. compressa.

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Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Plants Exposed to Metal/Metalloid Toxicity

Cited by 43 publications

References 79 publications

Characterization of mechanisms involved in tolerance and accumulation of Cd in Biscutella auriculata L

Characterization of mechanisms involved in tolerance and accumulation of Cd in Biscutella auriculata L

Mechanisms of Copper Tolerance, Accumulation, and Detoxification in the Marine Macroalga Ulva compressa (Chlorophyta): 20 Years of Research

Copper-Induced Activation of MAPKs, CDPKs and CaMKs Triggers Activation of Hexokinase and Inhibition of Pyruvate Kinase Leading to Increased Synthesis of ASC, GSH and NADPH in Ulva compressa

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