Oxidative Stress and Its Association with COVID-19: A Narrative Review

Abstract

The naturalness of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections (SARS-Cov-2) appears to impact the respiratory system and lungs, however, the etiology of many cases exhibited several various features of the disease. The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms are not limited to the virus’s first definitions. This review gathered the contemporary information throughout PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct databases regarding possible effects of the virus in generating reactive oxygen species and causing oxidative stress. However, this ensures a hypothesis for now, yet from the literature and incidence of COVID-19 symptoms along with comorbidities we can observe the potentials of the virus in the generation of oxidative stress. Especially the virus’s route to cell entry via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor is well known that leads to pathogenesis in angiotensin II (AT II) which are critical in NADH/NADPH oxidase inducing ROS generation. Moreover, the virus’s activity to replicate seems to be reduced in high antioxidant glutathione level concentrations. The outcome of the review proposes a hypothesis that COVID-19 is associated with reactive oxygen species and its comorbidities mostly joined with oxidative stress including hypertension, cardiovascular, thrombosis, obesity, and diabetes besides of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma.

Potential Applications of Nanomaterials to Quench the Cytokine Storm in Coronavirus Disease 19

“…Neutrophils, M1 macrophages and endothelial cells produce ROS especially through NADH/NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation (Mittal et al, 2014). An interesting hypothesis by Baqi et al (2020). highlights the possibility that the activation of Ca 2+ -sensitive Nox and ROS production can be further stimulated by Sars Cov 2 entry via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, inducing the generation of angiotensin 1,7 from angiotensin II and the consequent opening of Ca 2+ channels (Baqi et al, 2020).…”

“…An interesting hypothesis by Baqi et al (2020). highlights the possibility that the activation of Ca 2+ -sensitive Nox and ROS production can be further stimulated by Sars Cov 2 entry via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, inducing the generation of angiotensin 1,7 from angiotensin II and the consequent opening of Ca 2+ channels (Baqi et al, 2020). Covid19 could be also treated with anti-oxidants materials as complementary support to decrease inflammation.…”

Fat-Soluble Vitamins and the Current Global Pandemic of COVID-19: Evidence-Based Efficacy from Literature Review

“…They are potential causes of severe lower respiratory tract infections, followed by pneumonia, which is generally associated with cytokine storm production, inflammation, cell death, and other pathophysiological processes involving redox imbalance or oxidative stress. 115 COVID-19 patients are at a higher risk of developing inflammatory responses associated with fatal respiratory distress. Although limited clinical data is available to establish a link between oxidative stress and viral infection due to SARS-CoV-2, many lines of evidence still suggested that overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and deprived antioxidant system play a significant role in the pathogenesis and severity of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection.…”

Antioxidant Properties of Second-Generation Antipsychotics: Focus on Microglia

“…Nowadays, the COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive world public health problem caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [ 150 ]. This disease is characterized by oxidative stress [ 151 ] and neuroinflammation [ 152 ] along with a higher risk to develop delirium and psychomotor agitation [ 153 ]. Among the second-generation antipsychotics, quetiapine, risperidone, and especially injectable aripiprazole have been proposed as alternative treatment choices for COVID-19 patients with delirium [ 153 , 154 ].…”