Oxidative Stress and Respiratory Diseases in Preterm Newborns

Abstract

Premature infants are exposed to increased generation of reactive oxygen species, and on the other hand, they have a deficient antioxidant defense system. Oxidative insult is a salient part of lung injury that begins as acute inflammatory injury in respiratory distress disease and then evolves into chronic and structural scarring leading to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Oxidative stress is also involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension in newborns through the modulation of the vascular tone and the response to pulmonary vasodilators, with consequent decrease in the density of the pulmonary vessels and thickening of the pulmonary arteriolar walls. Oxidative stress has been recognized as both a trigger and an endpoint for several events, including inflammation, hypoxia, hyperoxia, drugs, transfusions, and mechanical ventilation, with impairment of pulmonary function and prolonged lung damage. Redoxomics is the most fascinating new measure to address lung damage due to oxidative stress. The new challenge is to use omics data to discover a set of biomarkers useful in diagnosis, prognosis, and formulating optimal and individualized neonatal care. The aim of this review was to examine the most recent evidence on the relationship between oxidative stress and lung diseases in preterm newborns. What is currently known regarding oxidative stress-related lung injury pathogenesis and the available preventive and therapeutic strategies are also discussed.

Association Between the Children's Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII) and Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Among Children and Adolescents: NHANES 2015-2018

“…Oxidative stress refers to the overloading of the cytoprotective polyphenol system with reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative damage to macromolecules, such as DNA, proteins, and lipids ( 1 ). Oxidative stress is well-established as the trigger and endpoint of multiple events, including inflammation, hypoxia, and hyperoxia ( 2 ). Inflammation is generally divided into acute and chronic inflammation in accordance with a temporal criterion.…”

Regulation of hyperoxia-induced neonatal lung injury via post-translational cysteine redox modifications

“…Although the precise mechanisms of hyperoxia induced lung injury remains largely unknown, it is clear that accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS; such as H 2 O 2 ) under pro-oxidizing conditions adversely disrupts the homeostasis of antioxidant systems needed to neutralize ROS, causing oxidative stress. Preterm lungs are especially vulnerable to supplemental oxygen therapy as their cellular antioxidant systems are not fully developed [ [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] ].…”

In Vivo Assessment of Antioxidant Potential of Human Milk Treated by Holder Pasteurization or High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing: A Preliminary Study on Intestinal and Hepatic Markers in Adult Mice

“…During intrauterine life, the fetus is in a hypoxic environment with a partial pressure of oxygen of 20–25 mmHg. At birth, with the onset of respiration, the oxygen concentration doubles, leading to a high oxygen availability for tissues, but also to a rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [ 1 ]. In preterm babies, this period is very critical, since these infants are highly susceptible to oxidative stress (OS).…”

“…This OS is due to an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant systems. Thus, preterm babies are at risk of “oxygen radical diseases” [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. OS is an important factor responsible for the development of multiple pathologies in preterm newborns, such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) [ 1 , 3 , 4 ].…”

“…Thus, preterm babies are at risk of “oxygen radical diseases” [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. OS is an important factor responsible for the development of multiple pathologies in preterm newborns, such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) [ 1 , 3 , 4 ]. NEC is the leading cause of death and disability from gastrointestinal disease in the premature infant.…”