Oxidative Stress and Vascular Disease

Role of Oxidative Stress in Varicocele

“…Proteins are prime targets for free radicals and other oxidants in both the intracellular and extracellular environments and can be divided into the main chain and side chain oxidation. The main effects of ROS on proteins are modification of amino acid residues, cleavage of peptide bonds, structural, conformation changes, and protein cross-linking polymerization ( Behrendt and Ganz 2007 ). The main sites of free radical attacks are aromatic or heterocyclic rings of amino acid residues, resulting in oxidation or breakage of rings, forming different oxidation products ( Figure 4 ), which can cause various damage to the protein components of cells, leading to denaturation, misfolding and aggregation, and even apoptosis ( Agarwal et al, 2012 , Hamada and Esteves).…”

Vitamin C and E consumption and coronary heart disease in men

“…Oxidative stress (OS) represents a condition in which cells are exposed to excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the cellular antioxidant defences are inadequate to completely inactivate the ROS generated (13). One of the major consequence of OS is the damage to nucleic acid bases, lipids, proteins, and other cellular structures which can severely compromise cell health and viability or induce a variety of cellular responses through generation of secondary reactive species, ultimately leading to cell death by necrosis or apoptosis.…”