Oxidative stress, erythrocyte ageing and plasma non-protein-bound iron in diabetic patients

Abstract

Increased oxidative stress and decreased life span of erythrocytes (RBCs) are repeatedly reported in diabetes. In the aim to elucidate the mechanism of the latter, i.e. the events leading to erythrocyte ageing, this study determined in RBCs from diabetic patients iron release in a free desferrioxamine-chelatable form (DCI), methemoglobin (MetHb) formation, binding of autologous IgG to membrane proteins and in plasma non-protein-bound iron (NPBI), F(2)-Isoprostanes (F(2)-IsoPs) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). DCI and MetHb were higher in diabetic RBCs than in controls and autologous IgG binding occurred in a much higher percentage of diabetic patients than controls. A significant correlation between DCI and IgG binding was found in diabetic RBCs. Plasma NPBI, esterified F(2)-IsoPs and AOPP were higher in diabetic patients and a significant correlation was found between plasma NPBI and intra-erythrocyte DCI. The increased DCI and autologous IgG binding appear to be important factors in the accelerated removal of RBCs from the blood stream in diabetes and the increase in plasma NPBI could play an important role in the increased oxidative stress.

Non-transferrin-bound iron is associated with biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes

“…The high level of NTBI observed in the diabetes group in this study is in agreement with those of Suleiman et al (2004), Lee et al (2006) and Leoncini et al (2008), but not Van Campenhaut et al (2006). Of the methods used to measure NTBI, HPLC has been suggested to be the 'gold standard' with regard to sensitivity and specificity (Sasaki et al 2011).…”

“…The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Committee on the Harmonisation of Good Clinical Practice (Dixon 1999 In support of this calculation, Leoncini et al (2008) reported significant differences in NTBI levels between controls and subjects with diabetes using 24 subjects per group.…”

Exercise training has beneficial anti-atrophy effects by inhibiting oxidative stress-induced MuRF1 upregulation in rats with diabetes

“…One noteworthy characteristic of diabetes is persistent hyperglycemia, which significantly impairs the oxidant/antioxidant balance by both increasing ROS/RNS and reducing antioxidant levels. Increasing evidence has indicated that oxidative stress contributes to the progression of diabetes and its complications, including skeletal muscle wasting (Aragno et al, 2000;Leoncini et al, 2008). Alternatively, both experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that enhanced protein breakdown is the most relevant factor in pathological muscle wasting, although inhibitory effects on protein synthesis due to inhibited transport of amino acids into the muscle and repressed mTOR signaling could not be excluded (Costelli and Baccino, 2003).…”

Carbon Monoxide Promotes Respiratory Hemoproteins Iron Reduction Using Peroxides as Electron Donors

“…The ferryl forms tend to undergo synproportionation in presence of ferrous, oxy-forms to the more stable ferric forms (Fe II +Fe IV →2Fe III ) which is longer-lived and hence its likelihood to provide damage are high [8]. Indeed, under a variety of oxidative pathological conditions, ferric RH have been reported to be elevated in blood plasma [9]–[12].…”