Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Aorta Diseases as a Source of Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets, with a Particular Focus on Ascending Aorta Aneurysms

Abstract

Aorta diseases, such as ascending aorta aneurysm (AsAA), are complex pathologies, currently defined as inflammatory diseases with a strong genetic susceptibility. They are difficult to manage, being insidious and silent pathologies whose diagnosis is based only on imaging data. No diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers or markers of outcome have been known until now. Thus, their identification is imperative. Certainly, a deep understanding of the mechanisms and pathways involved in their pathogenesis might help in such research. Recently, the key role of oxidative stress (OS) on the pathophysiology of aorta disease has emerged. Here, we describe and discuss these aspects by revealing some OS pathways as potential biomarkers, their underlying limitations, and potential solutions and approaches, as well as some potential treatments.

The Endothelial Transcription Factor ERG Mediates a Differential Role in the Aneurysmatic Ascending Aorta with Bicuspid or Tricuspid Aorta Valve: A Preliminary Study

“…Interestingly, we observed a higher number of eNOS + EC in all the BAV aorta tissues, with a trend in amplitude in aneurysmatic aorta tissues. Such datum led us to hypothesize that this typical augment might be associated with an increased accumulation of NO uncoupled products contributing to the oxidative stress, and favoring early AAA progression toward adverse clinical events such as dissection or rupture [50]. Superoxide radicals can, indeed, react with NO, forming peroxynitrite, a potent oxidant, which can contribute to endothelial dysfunction, as well as to reduce NO bioavailability and.…”

The Endothelial Transcription Factor ERG Mediates a Differential Role in the Aneurysmatic Ascending Aorta with Bicuspid or Tricuspid Aorta Valve: A Preliminary Study

“…Moreover, we also detected a significantly higher number of eNOS+ EC in all BAV aortic tissues, with a trend in amplitude in aneurysmatic aortic tissues. Consequently, we hypothesized that this typical augment may be associated with an increased accumulation of NO uncoupled products contributing to the oxidative stress, and favoring early AAA progression toward adverse clinical events such as dissection or rupture [50]. Superoxide radicals can, indeed, react with NO, forming peroxynitrite, a potent oxidant, which can contribute to endothelial dysfunction, as well as to reduce NO bioavailability and.…”

Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Acute and Chronic Diseases

“…Our Special Issue presents innovative research [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] and review [ 13 , 14 , 15 ] papers addressing many of these questions related to the fundamental OS involvement in the onset and progression of several acute and chronic diseases, and about the correlated biomarkers and potential therapies. Precisely, the 12 research articles [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] included in this Special Issue are focused on evidencing the OS role in diagnostics, signatures of the disease course, molecules involved, OS potential treatments and effects, and short- and long-term consequences.…”

“…This Special Issue also gathered three review papers [ 13 , 14 , 15 ] that are focused on evidencing the key role of OS as fundamental mechanism of the pathogenesis of osteomyelitis, aorta diseases, and Alzheimer disease. Massaccesi and coworkers described [ 13 ] the very important role of OS in the osteomyelitis disease and its consequences on the delicate balance between osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis.…”

“…They have, therefore, emphasized the possibility of measuring the level of OS more accurately as a valid support in the management of the disease. The review from Balistreri and coworkers [ 14 ] stresses the key role of OS in the pathophysiology of aorta diseases and describes emerging OS pathways as potential biomarkers of such diseases, as well as potential solutions, approaches, and treatments. Moreover, Buccellato et al [ 15 ] summarized the key role of OS in Alzheimer disease (AD) and underlined how oxidative damage products may be used as possible peripheral biomarkers in AD, and in the preclinical phases of the disease.…”