Oxidative Stress in Vascular Pathophysiology: Still Much to Learn

Zalba, Guillermo

doi:10.3390/antiox10050673

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A chronic inflammatory state also contributes to oxidative damage as it causes the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 93 ]. The overproduction of ROS or decrease in the anti-oxidant defense results in oxidative stress, which is a significant contributor to vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, as it causes endothelial dysfunction, promotes remodeling and further enhances inflammation [ 94 ]. Oxidative stress is also associated with Aβ- or tau -induced neurotoxicity since it facilitates their aggregation, phosphorylation, and polymerization.…”

Section: Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroprotective Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors

et al. 2021

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Patients with diabetes are at higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and cognitive impairment. SGLT2 inhibitors (Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Ertugliflozin, Sotagliflozin) are newer hypoglycemic agents with many pleiotropic effects. In this review, we discuss their neuroprotective potential. SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are lipid-soluble and reach the brain/serum ratio from 0.3 to 0.5. SGLT receptors are present in the central nervous system (CNS). Flozins are not fully SGLT2-selective and have an affinity for the SGLT1 receptor, which is associated with protection against ischemia/reperfusion brain damage. SGLT2i show an anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effect, including reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, M2 macrophage polarization, JAK2/STAT1 and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition, as well as cIMT regression. They also mitigate oxidative stress. SGLT2i improve endothelial function, prevent remodeling and exert a protective effect on the neurovascular unit, blood-brain barrier, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Flozins are also able to inhibit AChE, which contributes to cognitive improvement. Empagliflozin significantly increases the level of cerebral BDNF, which modulates neurotransmission and ensures growth, survival, and plasticity of neurons. Moreover, they may be able to restore the circadian rhythm of mTOR activation, which is quite a novel finding in the field of research on metabolic diseases and cognitive impairment. SGLT2i have a great potential to protect against atherosclerosis and cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Section: Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroprotective Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors

et al. 2021

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“…Hypoxic conditions in atherosclerotic lesions, or myocardial anoxia that occurs during coronary vessel occlusion, lead to a loss of ATP production and an increase in ROS production in the mitochondria of affected cells (Zalba, 2021). Consequently, all acute cardiovascular events are associated with an excessive generation of ROS.…”

Section: Ros-responsive Drug Deliverymentioning

confidence: 99%

On-Demand Drug Delivery: Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Applications

Genç

Efthimiadou

Cicha

2022

Front. Drug. Deliv.

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including life-threatening atherosclerosis and arterial thrombosis, account for almost 50% of all deaths in Europe and around 30% of all deaths worldwide. Despite the ongoing improvement and accessibility of invasive cardiovascular interventions and pharmacological therapies, pathological processes often progress asymptomatically, before manifesting themselves as unstable angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death or stroke. Since atherosclerosis and thrombosis represent localized disease processes, insufficient response to systemically-administered drugs is a common problem. The available pharmacological therapies are often burdened by poor tolerability, limited efficacy and/or bioavailability. Although encapsulating drugs in a nanoscale shell increases their circulation time and availability, it does not guarantee disease-specific targeting, or the proper control of the drug release. In contrast, on-demand drug delivery has the advantage of localized treatment and allows reducing off-target effects by a stimuli-controlled drug release in the affected region. Such “smart” systems are expected to have a great therapeutic potential in CVD. This mini-review article highlights recent advances in stimuli-responsive drug delivery approaches to CVD, with specific drug release triggered either internally or externally.

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