Oxidative stress in ventral prostate, ovary, and breast by 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in pre‐ and postnatal exposed rats

Abstract

The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been widely used in agriculture and forestry since the 1940s. 2,4-D has been shown to produce a wide range of adverse effects-from embryotoxicity and teratogenicity to neurotoxicity-on animal and human health. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to 2,4-D on oxidative stress in ventral prostate, ovary and breast. Pregnant rats were daily exposed to oral doses of 70 mg/kg/day of 2,4-D from 16 days of gestation up to 23 days after delivery. Then, the pups were sacrificed by decapitation at postnatal day (PND) 45, 60, or 90. Antioxidant enzyme activities and some parameters of the oxidative stress were assessed in ventral prostate, breast, and ovary. Results show that 2,4-D produced three different effects. First, it increased the concentration of some radical oxygen species and the rates of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in ventral prostate, thereby causing oxidative stress at all ages studied. Although an increase in the activity of some antioxidant enzymes was detected, this seemed to have been not enough to counteract the oxidative stress. Second, 2,4-D promoted the oxidative stress in the breasts, mainly during puberty and adulthood, probably because the developing gland is more sensitive to xenobiotics than the adult organ. Third, 2,4-D altered the activity of some antioxidant enzymes and increased lipid peroxide concentration in the ovary. This effect could reflect the variety of ovarian cell types and their different responses to endocrine changes during development.

A longitudinal study of atrazine and 2,4‐D exposure and oxidative stress markers among iowa corn farmers

“…The effect of 2,4‐D on oxidative stress in our study was relatively modest; a five‐fold increase in urinary 2,4‐D was associated with an 11% increase in 8‐OHdG and a 14% increase in 8‐isoPGF. This observed association in our study between 2,4‐D and oxidative stress in humans is supported by findings in laboratory animals (Tayeb et al ; Pochettino et al ; Tayeb et al ). 2,4‐D treatment of rats at subacute levels has been associated with increased levels of oxidative stress at various organ sites, including the mammary gland, ovaries, ventral prostate, and liver (Tayeb et al ; Pochettino et al ; Tayeb et al ).…”

“…This observed association in our study between 2,4‐D and oxidative stress in humans is supported by findings in laboratory animals (Tayeb et al ; Pochettino et al ; Tayeb et al ). 2,4‐D treatment of rats at subacute levels has been associated with increased levels of oxidative stress at various organ sites, including the mammary gland, ovaries, ventral prostate, and liver (Tayeb et al ; Pochettino et al ; Tayeb et al ). Total length of exposure (i.e., 45 days vs. 90 days) was not associated with higher oxidative stress (Pochettino et al ).…”

“…In addition, 2,4-D is registered in the US for residential use on lawns and is the most commonly used pesticide active ingredient in the home and lawn market sector, with the potential for broad exposures in the general population (EPA 2005;Grube et al 2011). Laboratory studies in rats have shown that 2,4-D may induce oxidative stress (Tayeb et al 2012(Tayeb et al , 2013Pochettino et al 2013;Loomis et al 2015).…”

Transcriptional expression levels and biochemical markers of oxidative stress in the earthworm Eisenia andrei after exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)

“…Exposure to 2,4-D enhances the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells (Atamaniuk et al, 2013;Pochettino et al, 2013;Tayeb et al, 2013), thereby increasing the risk of oxidative alterations. ROS formation and the resulting damage are countered physiologically by a range of cellular antioxidant defenses, including antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (Cat), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (Livingstone, 2001).…”

Degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) by Novel Photocatalytic Material of Tourmaline-Coated TiO2 Nanoparticles: Kinetic Study and Model

“…However, it may enter water bodies after usage in farmland [11], or for improper disposal [12], resulting in its broad residues in environment [13,14]. Exposure to this chemical has been proven to be harmful for the health of both humans and animals [15,16,17]. The degradation of 2,4-D in water is very slow, with a half-life of about 6 to over 170 days in different situations [18,19,20].…”