Oxidative stress indices in gastroenteritis in dogs with canine parvoviral infection

Abstract

Gastroenteritis of viral origin has emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs during the last two decades. Amongst the viral etiologies responsible for gastroenteritis in dogs, canine parvovirus (CPV) is considered as the most pathogenic. The disease is characterized by hemorrhagic enteritis, bloody diarrhoea and myocarditis in young pups. The present study was carried out to examine alterations in oxidative stress indices in the erythrocytes from dogs suffering from gastroenteritis with or without canine parvoviral infection as confirmed by CPV-DNA amplification from faeces using specific primers for CPV-2 as well as CPV-2a and CPV-2b variants by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The present investigation utilized clinical cases of dogs with signs of acute diarrhea (n=56), and 14 more apparently healthy dogs of similar age group. Erythrocytic oxidative stress indices such as lipid peroxides level and antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, and blood micro-mineral (iron, copper, cobalt and zinc) status were analyzed in each dog (n=70). The acute cases of gastroenteritis in dogs were associated with altered erythrocytic lipid peroxidation as evident by estimation of malonaldehyde (MDA) concentration. The activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase, the first line of antioxidant defense against damaging effects of free radicals, were also altered. The alterations in oxidative stress indices were more pronounced in cases with involvement of canine parvovirus as compared to parvo-negative cases. Our results also revealed decreased blood zinc level in diarrhoea in dogs irrespective of involvement of canine parvovirus.

Diagnostic Aspects and Haematobiochemical Changes Associated with Canine Parvoviral Enteritis in Dogs

“…However, detailed analysis revealed hypokalemia (2.58-3.13 mmol/l) in five pups (35.71%) which might be due to the loss of potassium in severe vomitions and diarrhoea as suggested by Nappert et al, (2002). Similarly hypokalaemia in puppies with canine parvovirus infection was documented by Panda et al, (2009) and Joshi et al, (2012). Decreased levels of serum sodium and potassium might be due to loss of chloride and sodium ions in vomition and loss of sodium and potassium through diarrhoea to some extent (Mohan et al, 1991).…”

Blood antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX), biochemical and haematological parameters in pigs naturally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

“…In the present study significantly increased activities of SOD in PRRS positive weaners and fatteners, and GPX in weaners were observed in contrast to corresponding groups of PRRS negative pigs, which could be ascribed to enhanced synthesis of antioxidant enzymes as an in-built compensatory mechanism in these groups of infected pigs. Similarly, increased activity of blood antioxidant enzymes has been reported in moderately severe cases of gastroenteritis in dogs naturally infected with CPV (Panda et al 2009) and in pigs naturally infected with CSFV (Kataria and Kataria 2012). In contrast to weaners, in PRRS positive finishers GPX activity was significantly lower than that found in the corresponding group of PRRS negative pigs.…”

“…Oxidative stress has been implicated as a pathogenic factor in a number of viral infections, such as in gastroenteritis in dogs with canine parvovirus (CPV) infection (Panda et al 2009) and in dogs naturally infected with canine distemper virus (CDV) (Karadeniz et al 2008), in pigs naturally infected with classical swine fever virus (CSFV) (Kataria and Kataria 2012) and some others. ROS resulting from viral effects on phagocytic and/or host cells might be accompanied by increased cellular antioxidant defences (Schwartz 1996).…”

“…ROS resulting from viral effects on phagocytic and/or host cells might be accompanied by increased cellular antioxidant defences (Schwartz 1996). In dogs infected with CPV significantly increased activity of antioxidant enzymes, SOD and catalase were determined (Panda et al 2009) in blood samples, suggesting enhanced synthesis of antioxidant enzymes as in-built compensatory mechanism. Additionally, in CSFV infected pigs activities of blood antioxidant enzymes, catalase, SOD, glutathione reductase and xanthine oxidase, increased significantly in affected pigs as compared to those in healthy ones (Kataria and Kataria 2012).…”

“…It occurs when redox homeostasis within the cell is altered due either to an overproduction of ROS and/or to deficiency of the counteracting antioxidant system (Valko et al 2007). The pathogenesis of several viral diseases in animals, among them PRRS, has been linked to oxidative stress (Schwartz 1996, Beck et al 2000, Chiou et al 2000, Karadeniz et al 2008, Panda et al 2009, Kataria and Kataria 2012. Virus-induced activation of phagocytes is associated with oxidative stress, not only because ROS are released but also because activated phagocytes release pro-oxidant cytokines.…”