Oxidative stress, NOx/ l -arginine ratio and glutathione/glutathione S-transferase ratio as predictors of ‘sterile inflammation’ in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome type II

Abstract

Continuous intake of alcohol leads to liver cirrhosis because of imbalance of oxidative stress/antioxidative defense and chronic ‘sterile inflammation’. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is the most severe complication of liver cirrhosis. The aim of our study was to assess: (1) the oxidative stress/antioxidative defense markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidative glutathione (GSH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), (2) inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP)], and (3) nitrate/nitrite levels (NOx) and its substrate L-arginine level. The study enrolled three groups: a group with cirrhosis and HRS (48 patients), a group with cirrhosis without HRS (32 patients), and a control group (40 healthy blood donors). All the patients with cirrhosis and HRS had type II HRS. MDA concentration was significantly higher in the groups with cirrhosis with and without HRS. Significant positive correlation was documented between the MDA level and de Ritis coefficient (AST/ALT), a marker of liver damage severity; between MDA and inflammation (CRP); between MDA and NOx concentration in the groups with cirrhosis with and without HRS. The correlation between MDA and creatinine level was significant in the group with HRS. The levels of GSH and GST were significantly lower in the groups with cirrhosis with and without HRS. The results of the study revealed that an increase in MDA and NOx concentration, along with decreased values of antioxidative defense and L-arginine, may indicate that liver damage can have an influence on progression to renal failure.

Glutathione Immobilized Polycaprolactone Nanofiber Mesh as a Dermal Drug Delivery Mechanism for Wound Healing in a Diabetic Patient

“…Moreover, oxidative stress in diabetic male mice leads to depletion of total glutathione levels in body organs (pancreas, spleen, epididymis, and testis). Continuous exposure to antioxidants has been suggested as a treatment for alleviating diabetes complications and preventing diabetes from progressing [25]. We developed a nanofiber NFM containing drugs as a drug delivery method in this experiment.…”

“…GSH is synthesized 70% in the liver, 15% in the kidneys, and 15% in the lungs to protect all cells, tissues, and organs from ROS and diseases and to play a role in keeping the antioxidant network constant in the body [27]. In addition, GSH is a good anti-inflammatory substance by strengthening interleukin-1, which acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, and interleukin-2, which promotes immune cell differentiation and growth [25,28]. GLU is a disinfectant approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) mainly used to sterilize medical devices in hospitals and has sterilization and disinfection effects [29].…”

Oxidative Mechanisms and Cardiovascular Abnormalities of Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension

“…This damage will ultimately lead to cirrhosis (defined as hepatic architectural damage characterized by nodular regeneration and diffuse fibrosis) [3]. Furthermore, oxidative stress also plays an important pathogenic role in portal hypertension (defined as a portal venous pressure of greater than 12 mm Hg) [4], cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) [5], hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) [6], cirrhosis-related pulmonary complications [7], and hepatic encephalopathy [8]. The present review aims to summarize the role of oxidative stress in cirrhosis-related cardiovascular changes including hyperdynamic circulation, CCM, cardiac arrhythmias, acute kidney injury (AKI), and hepatorenal syndrome (HRS).…”

A new cirrhotic animal protocol combining carbon tetrachloride with methotrexate to address limitations of the currently used chemical-induced models

“…When stellate cells are activated, they produce collagen, which is a major component of scar tissue ( Zhou et al, 2014 ). Other factors that contribute to the development of cirrhosis include inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis (cell death) ( Nickovic et al, 2018 ; Tang et al, 2021 ; Pomacu et al, 2021 ).…”