Oxy-bridged bis(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)furazan and its energetic salts paired with nitrogen-rich cations: highly thermally stable energetic materials with low sensitivity

Liang, Lixuan; Huang, Haifeng; Wang, Kai; Bian, Chengming; Song, Jinhong; Ling, Liming; Zhao, Fengqi; Zhou, Zhiming

doi:10.1039/c2jm33873d

Cited by 76 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…[14] The phase-transition temperatures (midpoint of melting point) and thermal stabilities of compounds 3-12 were determined by DSC at a heating rate of 10 K min…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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4‐Nitro‐3‐(5‐tetrazole)furoxan and Its Salts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Energetic Properties

Liang

Wang

Bian

et al. 2013

Chemistry A European J

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A series of new energetic salts based on 4-nitro-3-(5-tetrazole)furoxan (HTNF) has been synthesized. All of the salts have been fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H and (13)C), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystal structures of neutral HTNF (3) and its ammonium (4) and N-carbamoylguanidinium salts (9) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The densities of 3 and its nine salts were found to range from 1.63 to 1.84 g cm(-3). Impact sensitivities have been determined by hammer tests, and the results ranged from 2 J (very sensitive) to >40 J (insensitive). Theoretical performance calculations (Gaussian 03 and EXPLO 5.05) provided detonation pressures and velocities for the ionic compounds 4-12 in the ranges 25.5-36.2 GPa and 7934-8919 m s(-1), respectively, which make them competitive energetic materials.

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“…[14] The phase-transition temperatures (midpoint of melting point) and thermal stabilities of compounds 3-12 were determined by DSC at a heating rate of 10 K min…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[28] This result indicates conjugation of the negative charge throughout the aromatic rings, as observed in other tetrazolate salts. [29] The C(2) À C(3) bond length is 1.452 (14) . A crystal of 9 suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis was obtained by slow evaporation of water from an aqueous solution at room temperature.…”

Section: à3mentioning

confidence: 99%

4‐Nitro‐3‐(5‐tetrazole)furoxan and Its Salts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Energetic Properties

Liang

Wang

Bian

et al. 2013

Chemistry A European J

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“…TKX-50 expands our new field of tetrazole oxide chemistry to produce a material that is not only easily prepared and exceedingly powerful, but also possesses the required thermal insensitivity, low toxicity and safety of handling, which are necessary for a material to be considered as a replacement for the most commonly used military explosives [12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissolution thermokinetics of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate in dimethyl sulfoxide

Zhao

Luo

et al. 2015

J Therm Anal Calorim

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The enthalpies of dissolution for dihydroxylammonium 5,5 0 -bistetrazole-1,1 0 -diolate (TKX-50) in dimethyl sulfoxide were measured using a RD496-2000 Calvet microcalorimeter at four different temperatures under atmospheric pressure. Differential enthalpies (D dif H) and molar enthalpies (D diss H) of dissolution were determined. Furthermore, the corresponding kinetic equations describing the dissolution processes at the four experimental temperatures are da/dt = 10 -2.60 (1 -a) 1.01 (T = 298.15 K), da/dt = 10 -2.59 (1 -a) 0.93 (T = 303.15 K), da/dt = 10 -2.58 (1 -a) 1.36 (T = 308.15 K), da/dt = 10 -2.57 (1 -a) 1.21 (T = 313.15 K). The determined values of the activation energy E and pre-exponential factor A for the dissolution process are 3.24 kJ mol -1 and 10 -2.03 s -1 , respectively.

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“…Finally, the physical properties of all of the synthesized molecules (1a-6a) were analyzed theoretically using density functional theory (DFT) from the Gaussian 09 [14] suite. We have computed the optimized stable [15] structures of these molecules, their energies, thermal properties (heat of formation) [16][17][18][19], bond dissociation energies and spectroscopic properties such as IR and NMR. These theoretical values were compared with the experimental results and were found to be in very…”

Section: -6 1a-6amentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Evaluation of the Thermal Properties of Di-, Tri- and Tetra-Azido-Esters

Kumar¹,

Kumar²,

Yamajala³

et al. 2017

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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A group of polycyclic and aliphatic azido-esters (as energetic plasticizers) have been synthesized by simple synthetic routes and their molecular structures were confirmed by spectroscopic techniques. In addition, their thermal and rheological properties have been determined utilizing DSC, TGA, viscosity, and contact angle. Computational studies of these plasticizers have been performed by means of DFT (B3LYP/6-31G*) to estimate possible stable structures, energies, heat of formation, bond dissociation energies, IR and NMR spectra etc. Their compatibility with glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) binder was studied to explore their applicability in propellants. All of these molecules are novel and have been synthesized with the possibility of scale up.

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Oxy-bridged bis(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)furazan and its energetic salts paired with nitrogen-rich cations: highly thermally stable energetic materials with low sensitivity

Cited by 76 publications

References 38 publications

4‐Nitro‐3‐(5‐tetrazole)furoxan and Its Salts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Energetic Properties

4‐Nitro‐3‐(5‐tetrazole)furoxan and Its Salts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Energetic Properties

Dissolution thermokinetics of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate in dimethyl sulfoxide

Design and Evaluation of the Thermal Properties of Di-, Tri- and Tetra-Azido-Esters

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