Oxygen cycle in sealed leadacid batteries

Mrha, J.; Micka, K.; Jindra, J.; Musilová, M.

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(89)80125-9

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…5 is so low that the reduction rate of oxygen becomes small. In the concentrated H 2 SO 4 solution, as the H 2 SO 4 concentration increases, the oxygen recombination rate decreases because the oxygen diffusion coefficient 7 becomes small. On the other hand when the PbSO 4 solubility increases in about 1 M H 2 SO 4 , 26 the PbSO 4 in Eq.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] The oxygen evolved in lead-acid batteries can be removed either by the reaction with H 2 to form water, in the presence of catalytic plugs or by the oxygen cycle. 7 In the oxygen cycle, oxygen generated during charge and overcharge at the positive plate (PbO 2 ) can transport from the positive plate to the surface of the negative plate through the absorptive glass mat ͑AGM͒ separator 8 or through cracks in gelled electrolyte. After that, the oxygen penetrates a thin electrolyte film at the negative plate surface and is reduced either by an electrochemical or a chemical reaction.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Factors Influencing Oxygen Recombination at the Negative Plate in Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries

Li¹,

Guo²,

Wu³

et al. 2002

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The effects of different factors such as the state of charge (SOC), the temperature, the polarization potential, the H2SO4 concentration, and the saturation level of the negative plate on oxygen recombination in valve-regulated lead-acid batteries were investigated. The increase of the temperature and of the negative polarization as well as the decrease of the saturation level of the negative plate can all promote oxygen recombination, yet the SOC has almost no effect on the oxygen recombination as long as the capacity of the negative plate is high enough. Furthermore, it is found that the oxygen recombination rate increases and then drops when the H2SO4 concentration at the negative plate increases from 0 to 5 M. The experiments also show that considering all factors, the saturation level of the negative plate is the dominant factor affecting the oxygen recombination rate. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Influencing Oxygen Recombination at the Negative Plate in Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries

Li¹,

Guo²,

Wu³

et al. 2002

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The corrosion rate of the positive grid is less than 2% of the charging current. 11 And under the balanced conditions, the oxy- gen cycle in Eq. 1 is completed and the rate of hydrogen evolution is approximately equal to that of the grid corrosion.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5] Their existence is allowed by the successful application of the oxygen cycle, as is the case in the nickel-cadmium cell. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] During overcharge, oxygen and hydrogen evolve at the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. And the following processes of oxygen cycle occur in VRLA batteries 13,14 ͓1͔…”

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confidence: 99%

The Behavior of Oxygen Transport in Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries with Absorptive Glass Mat Separator

Guo

Song

et al. 2001

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In the oxygen cycle of valve-regulated lead-acid ͑VRLA͒ batteries, there are two ways in which oxygen can move from the positive to the negative plates, namely, either horizontally to penetrate the absorptive glass mat ͑AGM͒ separator, and/or transport vertically via the gas space. It is found that the oxygen transport depends on the passageway with big void space in the AGM separator and its rate is proportional to the oxygen partial pressure. The rate constant of vertical transport is about three orders higher than that of horizontal transport because of the large void space between the AGM separator and plates. However, in the horizontal direction, the area is very large and the transport path is very short. So the way and the rate of oxygen transport actually depend on the level of saturation in VRLA batteries. The horizontal transport is dominant when the saturation is less than 93%, while the vertical transport becomes dominant when it is higher than 93%. The experiments also indicate that with decreasing saturation, the recombination of more oxygen at the negative plate may oxidize more active H ad atoms and therefore, the overpotential of hydrogen evolution increases obviously.

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“…Such a reaction or even direct combination between H 2 and O 2 are thermodynamically favored but kinetically hindered. Hydrogen recombination has been proposed as occurring in VRLA systems [18][19][20] and has been shown to take place on battery straps to a limited extent. It does not appear to take place at measurable rates in most commercial battery systems; diffusion through the plastic cell container is a more likely pathway to relieve any hydrogen pressure buildup.…”

Section: Gas Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

The basic chemistry of gas recombination in lead-acid batteries

Nelson

2001

JOM

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Overview Lead-Acid BatteriesOxygen-recombination chemistry has been wedded to traditional lead-acid battery technology to produce so-called sealed, or valveregulated, lead-acid products. Early attempts to incorporate recombination into lead-acid batteries were unsuccessful because of excessive cost, size, and/or complexity, and none were effectively commercialized. Over the past 20 years, recombination systems have been developed and are undergoing an extensive program of definition and refinement at many battery companies. This paper presents the basic chemistry of oxygen recombination in lead-acid cells and briefly compares it with the more highly developed nickelcadmium system, which also operates on the oxygen cycle. Aspects of gas and thermal management relevant to valve-regulated lead-acid batteries are discussed in some detail.

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Oxygen cycle in sealed leadacid batteries

Cited by 16 publications

References 39 publications

Factors Influencing Oxygen Recombination at the Negative Plate in Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries

Factors Influencing Oxygen Recombination at the Negative Plate in Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries

The Behavior of Oxygen Transport in Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries with Absorptive Glass Mat Separator

The basic chemistry of gas recombination in lead-acid batteries

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