“…The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of the MnV 2 O 4 particles shows welldefined polycrystalline diffraction rings or spots with d-spacing values of 0.49, 0.30, 0.26, 0.21, 0.17, 0.16, and 0.15 nm, which reflect the (111), ( 220), ( 311), ( 400), ( 422 5b), further proving the existence of oxygen defects in MnV 2 O 4 (p)/C-700. [36,37] Figure 5c shows the Mn 2p spectrum of MnV 2 O 4 (p)/C-700, in which two strong peaks at 640.7 and 652.6 eV along with satellite peak at 645.7 eV were observed, corresponding to the spin-orbit peaks of Mn 2p 3/2 and Mn 2p 1/2 of MnV 2 O 4 , respectively, indicating that the Mn element in the sample is in +2 valence. The V 2p fine spectrum of MnV 2 O 4 (p)/C-700 is shown in Figure 5d, which presents the strong V 3+ signal (2p 3/2 : 516.4 eV; 2p 1/2 : 523.6 eV) accompanying with a weak V 2+ signal (2p 3/2 : 514.5 eV; 2p 1/2 : 522.3 eV), and the molar ratio of V 3+ /V 2+ is ≈1.6.…”