candidates, whose performance is nearly identical to IrO 2 at a catalytic activity. [ 5 ] Any transition-metal-oxide perovskite that has an e g -fi lling (σ * -orbital occupation) close to 1 shows the maximum ORR activity, on the base that the B-site transition-metal-oxygen covalency between metal-3d and oxygen-2p works as a criterion in determining catalytic activity. [ 2,6 ] As a mixed electronic-and ionic-conductor (MEIC), Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co x Fe 1− x O 3−δ (BSCF) is a well-known perovskite material that keeps a wide range of oxygen stoichiometry (3-δ) under different conditions such as temperature, oxygen partial pressures (pO 2 ), and B-site cation ratio (Co/Fe). [ 7,8 ] The structural/chemical fl exibilities and high oxygen nonstoichiometry (δ), while maintaining the cubic symmetry of crystal structure, enables it to be applied as a bifunctional oxide electrocatalyst in diverse renewable energy fi elds, e.g., metal-air batteries, oxygen membrane, and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). [9][10][11][12][13] Upon the base of the fl exible nonstoichiometry in the perovskite structure, a single chemical composition perovskite can be facilely modifi ed to meet the required criterion of the OER and ORR catalytic performance. This, in turn, implies that even a good OER/ORR perovskite catalyst can be digressed into a poor catalyst via internal changes of oxygen vacancy concentration, mixed valence state of each transition metal ion, etc., and vice versa. As for the ORR catalytic performance, which is in general evaluated by ORR activity as "on-set potential" that signifi es the facile rate of reaction initiation in the beginning of electrochemical activities, [ 5,6 ] though, the peroxide formation rate (HO 2 − %), limiting kinetic current ( i d ) and electron transfer number ( n ) also should be counted. [ 4,[14][15][16] They contribute signifi cantly to transport limiting current which occurs at the three phase boundaries (gas, solid catalyst, and liquid electrolyte) during the ORR process of the full-cell test. In this study, we focus on how the limiting kinetic currents ( i d ) of the electrochemical performance are affected by the changes of internal and surface structures in BSCF series catalysts.When the defect chemistry of BSCF series is manipulated by monitoring oxygen nonstoichiometry (δ), not only the valence of B-site cation and unit cell volume expansion change, [ 7,8,17 ] but also the surface morphology and chemistry are expected to vary under different heat treatment conditions. [ 8,14,18 ] Particularly, optimizing surface structure via engineering the defect Perovskite oxide ceramics attracts signifi cant attention as a strong candidate of bifunctional oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst for the metal-air batteries. Numerous approaches to the viability of bifunctional perovskite electrocatalyst represent that the electrochemical performance is highly correlated with defect chemistry, surface structure, and overall polycrystalline perovskite structure. By making ...