Oxygen intake in track and treadmill running with observations on the effect of air resistance

Abstract

SUMMARY1. The relation of r02 and speed was measured on seven athletes running on a cinder track and an all-weather track. The results were compared with similar observations on four athletes running on a treadmill.2. In treadmill running the relation was linear and the zero intercept coincided with resting fo.3. In track running the relation was curvilinear, but was adequately represented by a linear regression over a range of speeds extending from 8&0 km/hr (2.2 m/sec) to 21b5 km/hr (6.0 m/sec). The slope of this line was substantially steeper than the regression line slope for treadmill running.4. The influence of air resistance in running was estimated from measurements of 'o2 on a subject running on a treadmill at constant speed against wind of varying velocity. 5. The extra 02 intake (A 172) associated with wind increased as the square of wind velocity. If wind velocity and running velocity are equal, as in running on a track in calm air, 'Â o2 will increase as the cube of velocity.6. It was estimated that the energy cost of overcoming air resistance in track running is about 8 % of total energy cost at 21 5 km/hr (5000 m races) and 16 % for sprinting 100 m in 10*0 sec.

Predicting metabolic cost of running with and without backpack loads

“…Recent studies imply, however, that each lOOg increase in total weight of footwear causes a 0.7 -1.0% Increase In energy cost (Jones et al 1984;Jones et al 1986; Legg and Mahanty 1986 The validity of the prediction model was tested by its ability to predict the metabolic cost of running under different conditions. The results reported in different publications (Margaria et al 1963;Pugh 1970;Falls and Humphrey 1976;Keren et al 1981;Francis and Hobbler 1986) were compared to the calculated values using the basic parameters reported. Bearing in mind the difficulties to extract very accurate data from published reports, the highly significant correlation between the reported and the predicted values (r -0.952, p<0.02) and the fact that almost all data points fall In the range of +10% from the line of identity is very encouraging.…”

“…4) with the reported data from various other studies. These reported data, which were extracted from five different reports (Margaria et al 1963;Pugh 1970;Falls and Humphrey 1976;Keren et al 1981;Francis and Hoobler 1986) represent experiments over a wide range of running speeds (2.2-3.6 ms-1), grades (0 or 5%) and loads (0 or 20 kg). A highly significant correlation exists between the predicted and reported values (r -0.952, P<0.02).…”

Effect of intense interval workouts on running economy using three recovery durations

“…The regression lines of velocity vs V0 2 had steeper slopes and negative intercepts in the studies where subjects had high V0 2max values (Bransford & Howley, 1977;Conley & Krahenbuhl, 1980;Costill & Fox, 1969;Castill et al, 1971Castill et al, , 1973Davies & Thompson, 1979;Mayhew, 1977) while regression lines using subjects with lower V0 2max values were flatter and had positive intercepts (Bransford & Howley, 1977;Dressendorfer et al, 1977;Hagen et al, 1980McMiken & Daniels, 1976;Pugh, 1970;Shepherd, 1969;Williams & Nute, 1983).…”

“…Time to exhaustion on the treadmill varied from 10.9 ta 13.7 minutes (mean 12.3 ± 0.9 minutes). When running on a track compared ta a level treadmill, Pugh (1970Pugh ( , 1971 suggested a reduction in speed by 4% to account for differences in oxygen cast associated with overcoming wind resistance during overground running at 360 m·min-l . Thus, we reduced the final treadmill velocity on the V0 2max test by 4 % in arder ta establish the speed for the 10 x 400-m interval workouts.…”

“…The association between running velocity and VOl has been extensively examined 60 (Bransford & Howley, 1977;Conley & Krahenbuhl, 1980;Costill & Fox, 1969;Costill et al, 1971Costill et al, , 1973Davies & Thompson, 1979;Dressendorfer et al, 1977;Hagen et al, 1980;Margaria et al, 1963;Mayhew, 1977;McMiken & Daniels, 1976;Pugh, 1970;Shepard, 1969;Williams & Nute, 1983;Svendenhag & Sjôdin, 1994). RE has generally b~en described as a linear relationship (Daniels.…”