Physiology of Marathon Running

Costill, David L.

doi:10.1001/jama.1972.03200220058013

Cited by 105 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This does not support previous observations that the water lost as sweat during prolonged exercise is derived primarily from the intracellular compartment (Kozlowski and Saltin, 1964;Costill, 1972) or the extracellular compartment (Adolph, 1947;Costill and Fink, 1974). Support for the suggestion that the plasma volume might be maintained in spite of substantial losses of body water 020 E X 10 E a. comes from a report by Costill (1972) who observed only small changes (approximately 2%) in the plasma volume after a marathon race which resulted in body weight being reduced by 8% of the pre-race value. Olsson and Saltin (1971) also considered that the water lost during exercise was derived from the intracellular compartment rather than from the plasma.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…The relationships between body weight losses resulting from exercise-induced or heat-induced water loss and changes in blood volume and plasma volume have not, however, been clearly established. Costill (1972) reported that plasma volume decreased by only 2%, corresponding to approximately 60 ml, in marathon runners who had lost 7% of their body weight, equivalent to 4-5 1 of fluid. This report was in agreement with the earlier studies of Saltin, who found little change in plasma volume after prolonged exercise (Saltin, 1964;Kozlowski and Saltin, 1964).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of plasma volume changes during marathon running.

Maughan¹,

Whiting²,

Davidson³

1985

Br J Sports Med

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Indices of fluid loss have been compared in 47 male runners who completed a competitive marathon (42.2 km) race in times varying from 2 hr 37 min to 4 hr 51 min. Body weight was recorded before and after the race; venous blood samples were collected shortly before and immediately after the race and used for the estimation of haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and serum concentration of albumin and total protein. All runners drank a total of 1.4 L of water during the race. The mean decrease in body weight was 2.1 ± 0.8 kg (mean ± SD), corresponding to 3.0 ± 1.1% of initial weight. The decrease in plasma volume (PV), calculated from the haematological parameters, was 6.5 ± 7.8% (P < 0.001). Serum total protein concentration increased (P < 0.001) by 10.4 ± 4.8% and serum albumin (P < 0.001) by 9.6 ± 5.6%. The increase in serum protein concentration was correlated (r = 0.64, P < 0.001) with the calculated decrease in PV, but was greater (P < 0.001) than could be accounted for by the loss of plasma water. The change in PV varied widely between individuals and was unrelated to running speed. The estimated decrease in total body water (5%) was not different from the decrease in PV (6.5%), suggesting that water losses were evenly distributed between the intracellular and extracellular compartments.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of plasma volume changes during marathon running.

Maughan¹,

Whiting²,

Davidson³

1985

Br J Sports Med

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“…In fact, the net value of Cr calculated after the competition shows only a non-significant change, its average value being rather close to that obtained by di Prampero et al [2] in a group of long distance runners. This is also on the same order of the values reported by several authors for marathon running [27,31,32], although substantial interindividual differences can be noted. In contrast, a significant (albeit small: 0.12% per km of distance) increase of Cr is commonly observed during and immediately after an endurance competition [1].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Maximal oxygen consumption and energy cost of running after a long-lasting running race: the 100 km of Sahara

2008

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 120 km desert running race (5 stages over 4 days) on the main physiologic parameters related to the individual aerobic work capacity. Incremental treadmill tests were carried out on 7 recreational long-distance runners (age: 50.4±11.8 years; body mass: 76.0±8.5 kg; mean±SD) before and 3-5 days after the competition. Maximal oxygen consumption (V O 2max ), ventilatory threshold and heart rate were obtained by standard methods; the mean energy cost of running (Cr) above resting was calculated during the same protocol from the slope of the oxygen consumption versus running speed. After the race, the subjects exhibited significant (p<0.05) reductions only in VO 2max (averaging 7%; from 46.7±5.1 to 43.2±4.4 ml ⋅ kg -1 ⋅ min -1 ) and in maximal heart rate (averaging 3%; from 172.4±14.1 to 166.7±14.5 beats ⋅ min -1 ). Knowledge of Cr (3.78±0.31 J ⋅ kg -1 ⋅ m -1 and 3.74±0.48 J ⋅ kg -1 ⋅ m -1 , before and after the race respectively) allowed us to estimate the overall daily energy requirement, about 20 850 kJ. VO 2max and the maximal heart rate seem to be the main variables affected by prolonged strenuous runs followed by insufficient rest periods.

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“…Although the present study cannot definitively address this topic, other studies suggest that hemodynamic responses to aerobic training may offset the effects of hypohydration. 9 lending some support to this premise, since performance did not change following dehydration. The results reported here have shown that despite similar changes in plasma volume among the three groups tested, the answer to the question of why aerobically trained individuals appear to be able to withstand the adverse effects of hypohydration may be related to the adaptations of plasma volume to habitual aerobic training.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

The effect of differential training on isokinetic muscular endurance during acute thermally induced hypohydration

et al. 1988

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The purpose of this study was to test the effect of acute thermal hypohydration on the muscle endurance performance of three groups of differentially trained subjects. Group I consisted of six anaerobically trained athletes, Group II consisted of five aerobically trained athletes, and Group III consisted of six sedentary individuals. Experimental trials involved maximal leg extensions performed on a Cybex II dynamometer under conditions of euhydration and hypohydration of minus 3% body weight. Integrated electromyographic data were also collected during each trial to factor out motivation as a variable. The maximum number of leg extension repetitions performed at or above 50% of each subject's peak torque output were compared between treatments and among the three groups. A 2 x 3 factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant decrease in muscle endurance when comparing euhydration to hypohydration among the anaerobically trained subjects as well as among the sedentary subjects (P less than 0.05). The aerobically trained subjects showed no significant decline in muscle endurance when comparing performance under both experimental conditions. It was hypothesized that the training adaptations that occur with aerobic conditioning and are primarily associated with increased plasma volume may be the key to explaining these results.

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Physiology of Marathon Running

Cited by 105 publications

References 17 publications

Estimation of plasma volume changes during marathon running.

Estimation of plasma volume changes during marathon running.

Maximal oxygen consumption and energy cost of running after a long-lasting running race: the 100 km of Sahara

The effect of differential training on isokinetic muscular endurance during acute thermally induced hypohydration

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