Oxygen uptake at different intensities and sub-techniques predicts sprint performance in elite male cross-country skiers

Carlsson, Magnus; Carlsson, Tomas; Knutsson, Magnus; Malm, Christer; Tonkonogi, Michail

doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2980-0

Cited by 19 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This finding is in line with previously reported results, where LM expressed absolutely was reported to be very largely correlated with sprint prolog performance among elite female skiers, whereas no correlation was found when LM was expressed as a percentage of body mass 7. Consequently, LM is an important indicator of performance capability in sprint competitions; hence, a skier with a large muscle mass (LM; nearly equivalent to muscle mass) has an advantage in high-intensity sprint competitions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The importance of the aerobic energy supply system for skiing performance is accentuated by the reported relationships between elite male skiers’ technique-specific peak oxygen uptake and sprint prolog performance7,8 as well as International Ski Federation’s ski-ranking points for sprint competitions (FISsprint) 9. Moreover, peak oxygen uptake for both double-poling and diagonal stride techniques was correlated with FISsprint for elite female skiers 10…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This relationship has been investigated for elite male sprint prolog performance by using power function modeling (ie, an allometric scaling approach); it was recommended that the

{\dot{normalV} O}_{2 \max}

expressed absolutely (L · min −1 ) should be used as indicator of elite male sprint performance, because body mass did not contribute to the power function model 7. However, because of gender differences related to physiological characteristics, it is not recommended to use this model to evaluate sprint performance capability of elite female skiers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aerobic power and lean mass are indicators of competitive sprint performance among elite female cross-country skiers

Carlsson¹,

Tonkonogi²,

Carlsson³

2016

OAJSM

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The purpose of this study was to establish the optimal allometric models to predict International Ski Federation’s ski-ranking points for sprint competitions (FISsprint) among elite female cross-country skiers based on maximal oxygen uptake ( normalV˙O2max) and lean mass (LM). Ten elite female cross-country skiers (age: 24.5±2.8 years [mean ± SD]) completed a treadmill roller-skiing test to determine normalV˙O2max (ie, aerobic power) using the diagonal stride technique, whereas LM (ie, a surrogate indicator of anaerobic capacity) was determined by dual-emission X-ray anthropometry. The subjects’ FISsprint were used as competitive performance measures. Power function modeling was used to predict the skiers’ FISsprint based on normalV˙O2max, LM, and body mass. The subjects’ test and performance data were as follows: normalV˙O2max, 4.0±0.3 L min−1; LM, 48.9±4.4 kg; body mass, 64.0±5.2 kg; and FISsprint, 116.4±59.6 points. The following power function models were established for the prediction of FISsprint: 3.91×105⋅normalV˙O2max−6.00 and 6.95 × 1010 · LM−5.25; these models explained 66% (P=0.0043) and 52% (P=0.019), respectively, of the variance in the FISsprint. Body mass failed to contribute to both models; hence, the models are based on normalV˙O2max and LM expressed absolutely. The results demonstrate that the physiological variables that reflect aerobic power and anaerobic capacity are important indicators of competitive sprint performance among elite female skiers. To accurately indicate performance capability among elite female skiers, the presented power function models should be used. Skiers whose normalV˙O2max differs by 1% will differ in their FISsprint by 5.8%, whereas the corresponding 1% difference in LM is related to an FISsprint difference of 5.1%, where both differences are in favor of the skier with higher normalV˙O2max or LM. It is recommended that coaches use the absolute expression of these variables to monitor skiers’ performance-related training adaptations linked to changes in aerobic power and anaerobic capacity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This relationship has been investigated for elite male sprint prolog performance by using power function modeling (ie, an allometric scaling approach); it was recommended that the

{\dot{normalV} O}_{2 \max}

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Aerobic power and lean mass are indicators of competitive sprint performance among elite female cross-country skiers

Carlsson¹,

Tonkonogi²,

Carlsson³

2016

OAJSM

Self Cite

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“…From an energy-supply perspective, it is important to be able to effectively use metabolic energy in the force-generating muscles in the upper body. This is supported by correlations between elite skiers’ performance capacity and peak oxygen uptake using the double-poling technique () (Carlsson et al 2012, 2014; Mahood et al 2001; Sandbakk et al 2016). It has been suggested that gross efficiency using double-poling technique (GE) (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

The effects of strength training versus ski-ergometer training on double-poling capacity of elite junior cross-country skiers

et al. 2017

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PurposeTo compare the effects of strength training versus ski-ergometer training on double-poling gross efficiency (GE), maximal speed (V max), peak oxygen uptake () for elite male and female junior cross-country skiers.MethodsThirty-three elite junior cross-country skiers completed a 6-week training-intervention period with two additional 40-min training sessions per week. The participants were matched in pairs and within each pair randomly assigned to either a strength-training group (STR) or a ski-ergometer-training group (ERG). Before and after the intervention, the participants completed three treadmill roller-skiing tests to determine GE, V max, and . Mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluate differences between and within groups. Paired samples t tests were used as post hoc tests to investigate within-group differences.ResultsBoth groups improved their V max and expressed absolutely (all P < 0.01). For the gender-specific sub-groups, it was found that the female skiers in both groups improved both V max and expressed absolutely (all P < 0.05), whereas the only within-group differences found for the men were improvements of V max in the STR group. No between-group differences were found for any of the investigated variables.ConclusionsPhysiological and performance-related variables of importance for skiers were improved for both training regimes. The results demonstrate that the female skiers’ physiological adaptations to training, in general, were greater than those of the men. The magnitude of the physiological adaptations was similar for both training regimes.

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“…For example, they found that the high-level junior females could not maintain intensity above their onset of blood lactate accumulation levels even in short races below 25 min, which suggests training around those accumulation levels. Fourth, Carlsson et al [34] tested for the diagonal stride DS and double poling DP how the oxygen uptake at different intensities impacts sprint performance. They found that skiers with 1% higher oxygen uptake can expect 0.2% higher performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exhaustive Classification and Review of Techniques and Research Program for Techniques for Skate Skiing, Classical Skiing, and Ski Mountaineering

Hausken¹

2017

TOSSJ

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Background:Scattered analysis of some cross country skiing techniques is present in the literature.Objective:To provide an exhaustive classification and systematic overview of techniques in cross country skiing.Method:This paper classifies six techniques for skate skiing (gliding diagonal skate skiing G1, paddling G2, double dance G3, two skate G4, marathon skate, combiskate G5), four techniques for classical skiing (running diagonal stride RUN DS, diagonal stride DS, double poling kick DK, and double poling DP), five techniques for both skate skiing and classical skiing (herringbone HB, side-stepping G6, low tuck G7, plowing, skidding), and five techniques for steep terrain ski mountaineering. Classification occurs according to degrees of inclination of the terrain, speed ranges, whether the technique is propulsive or for downhill velocity control/turning, frequency of time applied, and literature references. Furthermore, techniques depend on snow conditions, friction, competition, training, wind, positioning within a race, the skier’s expertise, exhaustion level, acceleration, deceleration,etc.Results:Techniques can influence who wins races in cross-country skiing. Reasons for technique changes are provided, exemplified with technique changes through terrains with different inclines. Literature references are given for inclines and speeds for the various techniques.Conclusion:Essential for maturing skiers are the frequency and quality by which the six techniques for skate skiing, four techniques for classical skiing, and five techniques for both styles except mountaineering, are trained, when to use them, how and in which sequence they are introduced, and adequate supplementary training (e.g.crunches for double poling DP). A research program is sketched.

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Oxygen uptake at different intensities and sub-techniques predicts sprint performance in elite male cross-country skiers

Cited by 19 publications

References 29 publications

Aerobic power and lean mass are indicators of competitive sprint performance among elite female cross-country skiers

Aerobic power and lean mass are indicators of competitive sprint performance among elite female cross-country skiers

The effects of strength training versus ski-ergometer training on double-poling capacity of elite junior cross-country skiers

Exhaustive Classification and Review of Techniques and Research Program for Techniques for Skate Skiing, Classical Skiing, and Ski Mountaineering

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