“…Human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have reported BNST activation to uncertain threat anticipation [27][28][29][30][31][32] , yet evidence that the BNST encodes subjective anticipatory experience remains controversial. Previous fMRI studies comparing conditions of uncertain threat versus safe anticipation (overview see 33 ) have revealed increased activity in a broad range of brain regions such as BNST 30,31,34,35 , amygdala [36][37][38] , periaqueductal gray (PAG) 29,34,39 , anterior insula (aINS) [27][28][29]40,41 , anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) 28,29,40,42,43 and lateral and medial frontal regions 41,[44][45][46] . However, the comparison does not allow to specifically isolate the subjective feeling of uncertain threat anticipation given that the conditions may differ in several other mental processes (e.g., defensive responses or arousal), and the identified regions are involved in fundamental cognitive processes including salience or arousal 13 .…”