Oyster is an effective transmission vehicle for Cryptosporidium infection in human

Sutthikornchai, Chantira; Popruk, Supaluk; Chumpolbanchorn, Kamlang; Sukhumavasi, Woraporn; Sukthana, Yaowalark

doi:10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.04.018

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The same effect relates to Giardia destruction [33]. Die-off of the (oo)cysts is directly proportional to the increase in exposure time and the UV doses [34]. The sensitivity of Giardia to UV irradiation was higher than Cryptosporidium as found in the obtained results and was also observed by [33].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 71%

Efficiency of chlorine and UV in the inactivation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater

et al. 2019

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Wastewater from different sources is contaminated by protozoan parasites including Cryptosporidium and Giardia . Many protozoan parasites are becoming resistant to chemical treatment. The challenge of finding alternatives is presented to researchers by exploring other methods of eliminating protozoan parasites from wastewater. The aim of this study was to assess the speciation and the viability of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in environmental samples with the specific objective of evaluating if effluent chlorination and UV affect the viability. Different doses of chlorine with different exposure times were experimented with both distilled water and waste water spiked with (oo)cysts derived from environmental samples. UV irradiation at different doses was also experimented using the same spiked samples. Two methods of quantification and detection, namely, microscopy and flow cytometry, were used in the experiment. Two vital dyes, Syto-9+PI and DAPI+PI, were the used for staining the collected wastewater samples. It was found that the (oo)cysts responded to chlorination and UV treatments with Giardia responding better than Cryptosporidium . Giardia responded very well to UV irradiations with almost 0 percent remaining viable after a low dose of UV. Cryptosporidium was found to be resistant to chlorination even at high doses but responded well to high UV doses. DAPI+PI dye gave a lower mean percentage viability values than Syto-9+PI. Flow cytometry gave higher mean percentage than microscopy from the results. It is concluded that UV is a promising alternative to Chlorine in removing Cryptosporidium and Giardia from waste water. Appropriate treatment method for wastewater is necessary to minimize water resources pollution when wastewater is released into water systems.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 71%

Efficiency of chlorine and UV in the inactivation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater

et al. 2019

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“…Cryptosporidium was detected in 16.8% of reared black mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) in Mali [209]. Cryptosporidium does not multiply in bivalves, but they can be an effective transmission vehicle for Cryptosporidium oocysts, especially within 24–72 h of contamination, with viable oocysts present in bivalves up to 7 days post infection [210]. Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts were identified from 34.3% and 2.0% of coins and 28.2% and 1.9% of bank notes (respectively) used by food-related workers in Alexandria, Egypt [211].…”

Section: Waterborne and Foodborne Cryptosporidiosis And Giardiasis Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges

2017

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Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important causes of diarrhoeal illness. Adequate knowledge of the molecular diversity and geographical distribution of these parasites and the environmental and climatic variables that influence their prevalence is important for effective control of infection in at-risk populations, yet relatively little is known about the epidemiology of these parasites in Africa. Cryptosporidium is associated with moderate to severe diarrhoea and increased mortality in African countries and both parasites negatively affect child growth and development. Malnutrition and HIV status are also important contributors to the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in African countries. Molecular typing of both parasites in humans, domestic animals and wildlife to date indicates a complex picture of both anthroponotic, zoonotic and spill-back transmission cycles that requires further investigation. For Cryptosporidium, the only available drug (nitazoxanide) is ineffective in HIV and malnourished individuals and therefore more effective drugs are a high priority. Several classes of drugs with good efficacy exist for Giardia, but dosing regimens are suboptimal and emerging resistance threatens clinical utility. Climate change and population growth are also predicted to increase both malnutrition and the prevalence of these parasites in water sources. Dedicated and co-ordinated commitments from African governments involving “One Health” initiatives with multidisciplinary teams of veterinarians, medical workers, relevant government authorities, and public health specialists working together are essential to control and prevent the burden of disease caused by these parasites.

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“…Depuration is a key process in shellfish processing, and one study demonstrated that at least 3 days of depuration in clean sea water was required to remove oocysts from oysters (Sutthikornchai et al., ), although oocysts have been detected in clams mussels and oysters long after this time period (Freire‐Santos et al., ). The efficacy of depuration may be influenced by shellfish species, oocyst load, dissolved oxygen level, water flow, salinity, and temperature (Robertson, ).…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health risks associated with food‐borne parasites

Koutsoumanis¹,

Allende²,

Álvarez‐Ordóñez³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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Parasites are important food‐borne pathogens. Their complex lifecycles, varied transmission routes, and prolonged periods between infection and symptoms mean that the public health burden and relative importance of different transmission routes are often difficult to assess. Furthermore, there are challenges in detection and diagnostics, and variations in reporting. A Europe‐focused ranking exercise, using multicriteria decision analysis, identified potentially food‐borne parasites of importance, and that are currently not routinely controlled in food. These are Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Echinococcus spp. Infection with these parasites in humans and animals, or their occurrence in food, is not notifiable in all Member States. This Opinion reviews current methods for detection, identification and tracing of these parasites in relevant foods, reviews literature on food‐borne pathways, examines information on their occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. The differences between these three parasites are substantial, but for all there is a paucity of well‐established, standardised, validated methods that can be applied across the range of relevant foods. Furthermore, the prolonged period between infection and clinical symptoms (from several days for Cryptosporidium to years for Echinococcus spp.) means that source attribution studies are very difficult. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the domestic animal lifecycle (involving dogs and livestock) for Echinoccocus granulosus means that this parasite is controllable. For Echinococcus multilocularis, for which the lifecycle involves wildlife (foxes and rodents), control would be expensive and complicated, but could be achieved in targeted areas with sufficient commitment and resources. Quantitative risk assessments have been described for Toxoplasma in meat. However, for T. gondii and Cryptosporidium as faecal contaminants, development of validated detection methods, including survival/infectivity assays and consensus molecular typing protocols, are required for the development of quantitative risk assessments and efficient control measures.

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Oyster is an effective transmission vehicle for Cryptosporidium infection in human

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

Efficiency of chlorine and UV in the inactivation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater

Efficiency of chlorine and UV in the inactivation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges

Public health risks associated with food‐borne parasites

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