Oysters: Composition of the Larval Shell

Stenzel, H.B.

doi:10.1126/science.145.3628.155

Cited by 62 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Dissolution of the larval shell is also likely for the following reasons: (1) The CO 2 -FSW used in this study was undersaturated for aragonite and nearly at saturation for calcite (Table 2). (2) Oyster larvae initially deposit amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) in the larval shell that is then partially transformed to aragonite (Carriker & Palmer 1979, Weiss et al 2002, in contrast to adult oyster shells that are predominantly composed of calcite (Stenzel 1964). The K* sp of ACC is larger than that of aragonite and therefore more soluble (Bre<ević & Nielsen 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of increased seawater pCO2 on early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas

Kurihara¹,

Kato²,

Ishimatsu³

2007

Aquat. Biol.

294

214

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This study demonstrated that the increased partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) in seawater and the attendant acidification that are projected to occur by the year 2300 will severely impact the early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Eggs of the oyster were artificially fertilized and incubated for 48 h in seawater acidified to pH 7.4 by equilibrating it with CO 2 -enriched air (CO 2 group), and the larval morphology and degree of shell mineralization were compared with the control treatment (air-equilibrated seawater). Only 5% of the CO 2 group developed into normal 'Dshaped' veliger larvae as compared with 68% in the control group, although no difference was observed between the groups up to the trochophore stage. Thus, during embryogenesis, the calcification process appears to be particularly affected by low pH and/or the low CaCO 3 saturation state of high-CO 2 seawater. Veliger larvae with fully mineralized shells accounted for 30% of the CO 2 -group larvae, compared with 72% in the control (p < 0.005). Shell mineralization was completely inhibited in 45% of the CO 2 -group larvae, but only in 16% of the control (p < 0.05). Normal D-shaped veligers of the control group exhibited increased shell length and height between 24 and 48 h after fertilization, while the few D-shaped veligers of the CO 2 group showed no shell growth during the same period. Our results suggest that future ocean acidification will have deleterious impacts on the early development of marine benthic calcifying organisms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of increased seawater pCO2 on early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas

Kurihara¹,

Kato²,

Ishimatsu³

2007

Aquat. Biol.

294

214

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“…Instead the shells of S. glomerata may be more resistant to dissolution by acidic ASS runoff than the shells of B. auratum. Whereas the shells of adult oysters are predominantly comprised of calcite (Stenzel 1964), the shell of B. auratum is of the more soluble aragonite (Taylor & Reid 1990). Additionally, S. glomerata, which must rely almost entirely on shell thickening as anti-predator defence, might allocate more energy and resources to maintenance of the shell thickness under acidified conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of estuarine acidification on predator–prey interactions

Amaral¹,

Cabral²,

Bishop³

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Short-term experiments exposing calcifying organisms to acidification have revealed altered growth and strength of their exoskeletons. We tested the hypothesis that multi-generational exposure to sustained estuarine acidification from runoff from acid sulphate soils (ASS) would: (1) reduce the shell strength of sessile or relatively immobile wild benthic invertebrates and (2) as a consequence render these invertebrates that rely on armour for anti-predator defence more susceptible to generalist benthic predators. First, we compared the force required to break the exoskeletons of Saccostrea glomerata, Bembicium auratum, and Heloecius cordiformis between replicate south-east Australian mangrove forests close to (acidified) and away from (reference) major ASS outflow drains. Second, we assessed differences in the susceptibility of oysters from acidified and reference forests to predation by the generalist muricid gastropod Morula marginalba. Mollusc shells were significantly weaker at ASS-affected than at reference sites, but the strength of crab carapaces was not influenced by acidification. Oysters from acidified sites were consumed by M. marginalba at a faster rate than oysters from reference sites in choice and nochoice experiments because M. marginalba required less time to drill through weaker shells. Many other predators such as crabs are generalist feeders that consume prey at rates inversely proportional to their shell strength. Hence, in the absence of effects of acidification on the ability of these predators to consume prey, molluscs at acidified sites may also be more susceptible to other such predators. This study highlights how human stressors can rapidly alter predator-prey interactions that have evolved over many years.

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“…The CaCO 3 shell-forming bivalves, including oysters (Gazeau et al 2007;Miller et al 2009;Waldbusser et al 2011), mussels (Gazeau et al 2007;Thomsen et al 2010), and clams (Green et al 2009;Talmage and Gobler 2009;Waldbusser et al 2010), show negative responses to lowered V values, even when those perturbations occur above the V 5 1 thermodynamic threshold for the minerals in question. Larval oysters appear to be particularly susceptible to the influences of ambient seawater chemistry, as they form their larval shell material out of the more soluble aragonite (Stenzel 1964) and only deposit less soluble calcite following settlement. Additionally, some studies indicate amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) as an even more soluble mineral precursor (Weiss et al 2002) during early stages of calcification, although other studies question the ubiquity of this finding (Mount et al 2004;Kudo et al 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, shows negative correlation to naturally elevated carbon dioxide levels: Implications for near‐term ocean acidification effects

Barton¹,

Hales²,

Waldbusser³

et al. 2012

Limnology & Oceanography

461

419

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We report results from an oyster hatchery on the Oregon coast, where intake waters experienced variable carbonate chemistry (aragonite saturation state , 0.8 to . 3.2; pH , 7.6 to . 8.2) in the early summer of 2009. Both larval production and midstage growth (, 120 to , 150 mm) of the oyster Crassostrea gigas were significantly negatively correlated with the aragonite saturation state of waters in which larval oysters were spawned and reared for the first 48 h of life. The effects of the initial spawning conditions did not have a significant effect on early-stage growth (growth from D-hinge stage to , 120 mm), suggesting a delayed effect of water chemistry on larval development.

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Oysters: Composition of the Larval Shell

Cited by 62 publications

References 2 publications

Effects of increased seawater pCO2 on early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas

Effects of increased seawater pCO2 on early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas

Effects of estuarine acidification on predator–prey interactions

The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, shows negative correlation to naturally elevated carbon dioxide levels: Implications for near‐term ocean acidification effects

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