Ozone acting on human blood yields a hormetic dose-response relationship

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to analyze why ozone can be medically useful when it dissolves in blood or in other biological fluids. In reviewing a number of clinical studies performed in Peripheral Arterial Diseases (PAD) during the last decades, it has been possible to confirm the long-held view that the inverted U-shaped curve, typical of the hormesis concept, is suitable to represent the therapeutic activity exerted by the so-called ozonated autohemotherapy. The quantitative and qualitative aspects of human blood ozonation have been also critically reviewed in regard to the biological, therapeutic and safety of ozone. It is hoped that this gas, although toxic for the pulmonary system during prolonged inhalation, will be soon recognized as a useful agent in oxidative-stress related diseases, joining other medical gases recently thought to be of therapeutic importance. Finally, the elucidation of the mechanisms of action of ozone as well as the obtained results in PAD may encourage clinical scientists to evaluate ozone therapy in vascular diseases in comparison to the current therapies.

Dissolved ozone in biological fluid monitored by optical device operating in the red-infrared region

“…Bin (2006) also presented several relationships between different expressions of the solubility of ozone in liquids. Several authors have also published data on solubility of ozone in water (Rischbieter et al, 2000;Kuosa et al, 2004;Levanov et al, 2008), indicating that it is about ten times more soluble than molecular oxygen (Bocci et al, 2011b), supporting this hypothesis. Another aspect to be considered when the milk is ozonized, that is, the ozone decomposition constant (K d ) increases exponentially as a function of the presence in milk of different molecules, increasing the rate of recombination O 3 , with consequent reduction in the time to reach saturation.…”

Oxy-nitroso shielding burst model of cold atmospheric plasma therapeutics

“…In this way, ozone was shown to act as a hormetic agent able to counter various ischemia-related problems. [61] The possible role of ozone application in altering blood flow directly is addressed below.…”

The orthodox therapy of cardiovascular diseases integrated by ozone-therapy is able to normalize the redox system

“…Preclinical [13] and clinical [14][15][16] studies performed with ozone-therapy have been performed in many countries and in Germany more than one million sessions are successfully held every year without any side effects.…”

“…The high reactivity and solubility of ozone in the water of plasma allows its exhaustion in one min while it generates two crucial messengers such as H 2 O 2 and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), finally responsible for eliciting the well defined biochemical [16] and molecular reactions responsible for the biological activities. 4-HNE readily forms an adduct with the Cys34 of albumin or with glutathione and this compound is consequently be able to reach most of cells of the body and to reactivate the antioxidant defences.…”